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/*
 * Copyright 2008 Search Solution Corporation
 * Copyright 2016 CUBRID Corporation
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 *
 */

/*
 * string_opfunc.c - Routines that manipulate arbitrary strings
 */

#ident "$Id$"

/* This includes bit strings, character strings, and national character strings
 */

#include "config.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <sys/timeb.h>
#include <assert.h>

#include "string_opfunc.h"

#include "chartype.h"
#include "system_parameter.h"
#include "intl_support.h"
#include "error_manager.h"
#include "tz_support.h"
#include "db_date.h"
#include "misc_string.h"
#include "crypt_opfunc.h"
#include "base64.h"
#include "tz_support.h"
#include "object_primitive.h"
#include "object_representation.h"
#include "dbtype.h"
#include "elo.h"
#include "es_common.h"
#include "db_elo.h"
#include "string_regex.hpp"
#include "tz_support.h"
#include "util_func.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <locale>

#if !defined (SERVER_MODE)
#include "parse_tree.h"
#include "es_common.h"
#else
#include "misctype_def.h"
#endif /* !defined (SERVER_MODE) */

// XXX: SHOULD BE THE LAST INCLUDE HEADER
#include "memory_wrapper.hpp"

#if defined (SUPPRESS_STRLEN_WARNING)
#define strlen(s1)  ((int) strlen(s1))
#endif /* defined (SUPPRESS_STRLEN_WARNING) */

#define BYTE_SIZE               (8)
#define QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION(value)                                       \
            ((DB_VALUE_PRECISION(value) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)  \
                     ?      db_get_string_length(value)       :          \
                            DB_VALUE_PRECISION(value))

#define QSTR_MAX_PRECISION(str_type)                                         \
            (QSTR_IS_CHAR(str_type) ? DB_MAX_VARCHAR_PRECISION : DB_MAX_VARBIT_PRECISION)

#define ABS(i) ((i) >= 0 ? (i) : -(i))

#define STACK_SIZE        100

#define LEAP(y)   (((y) % 400 == 0) || ((y) % 100 != 0 && (y) % 4 == 0))

#define DBL_MAX_DIGITS    ((int)ceil(DBL_MAX_EXP * log10((double) FLT_RADIX)))
#define UINT64_MAX_HEX_DIGITS 16
#define UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS 64

#define LOB_CHUNK_SIZE  (128 * 1024)
#define DB_GET_UCHAR(dbval) (REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, db_get_string ((dbval))))

/*
 *  This enumeration type is used to categorize the different
 *  string types into function like groups.
 *
 *      DB_STRING and DB_CHAR    become QSTR_CHAR
 *      DB_BIT and DB_VARBIT     become QSTR_BIT
 *      All others               become QSTR_UNKNOWN, although this
 *                                      categorizations doesn't apply to
 *                                      any other domain type.
 */
typedef enum
{
  QSTR_UNKNOWN,
  QSTR_CHAR,
  QSTR_BIT
} QSTR_CATEGORY;

/* AM/PM position references */
enum
{ am_NAME = 0, pm_NAME, Am_NAME, Pm_NAME, AM_NAME, PM_NAME,
  a_m_NAME, p_m_NAME, A_m_NAME, P_m_NAME, A_M_NAME, P_M_NAME
};

/*
 * Number format
 */
typedef enum
{
  N_END = -2,           /* format string end */
  N_INVALID = -1,       /* invalid format */
  N_FORMAT,
  N_SPACE,
  N_TEXT
} NUMBER_FORMAT;

typedef enum
{
  SDT_DAY = 0,
  SDT_MONTH,
  SDT_DAY_SHORT,
  SDT_MONTH_SHORT,
  SDT_AM_PM
} STRING_DATE_TOKEN;

#define WHITE_CHARS             " \r\t\n"

#define QSTR_DATE_LENGTH 10
#define QSTR_TIME_LENGTH 11
#define QSTR_TIME_STAMPLENGTH 22
/* multiplier ratio for TO_CHAR function : estimate result len/size based on
 * format string len/size : maximum multiplier is given by:
 * - format element : DAY (3)
 * - result :Wednesday (9) */
#define QSTR_TO_CHAR_LEN_MULTIPLIER_RATIO LOC_PARSE_FRMT_TO_TOKEN_MULT

#define MAX_TOKEN_SIZE 16000

#define GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH 16

typedef enum
{
  COMPOSITE_YEAR = 0,
  COMPOSITE_MONTH,
  COMPOSITE_DAY,
  COMPOSITE_HOUR,
  COMPOSITE_MINUTE,
  COMPOSITE_SECOND,
  COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND,
  COMPOSITE_MAX
} EN_COMPOSITE_POS;

static int db_string_prefix_compare (const DB_VALUE * string1, const DB_VALUE * string2, DB_VALUE * result);
static char db_string_escape_char (char c);
static int qstr_trim (MISC_OPERAND tr_operand, const unsigned char *trim, int trim_length, int trim_size,
              const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size,
              INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **res, int *res_length, int *res_size);
static void trim_leading (const unsigned char *trim_charset_ptr, int trim_charset_size, const unsigned char *src_ptr,
              DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset,
              unsigned char **lead_trimmed_ptr, int *lead_trimmed_length, int *lead_trimmed_size,
              bool skip_spaces);
static int qstr_pad (MISC_OPERAND pad_operand, int pad_length, const unsigned char *pad_charset_ptr,
             int pad_charset_length, int pad_charset_size, const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type,
             int src_length, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **result,
             int *result_length, int *result_size);
static int qstr_eval_like (const char *tar, int tar_length, const char *expr, int expr_length, const char *escape,
               INTL_CODESET codeset, int coll_id);
#if defined(ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
static int kor_cmp (unsigned char *src, unsigned char *dest, int size);
#endif
static int qstr_replace (const unsigned char *src_buf, int src_len, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset, int coll_id,
             const unsigned char *srch_str_buf, int srch_str_size, const unsigned char *repl_str_buf,
             int repl_str_size, unsigned char **result_buf, int *result_len, int *result_size);
static int qstr_translate (const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset,
               const unsigned char *from_str_ptr, int from_str_size, const unsigned char *to_str_ptr,
               int to_str_size, unsigned char **result_ptr, int *result_len, int *result_size);
static QSTR_CATEGORY qstr_get_category (const DB_VALUE * s);
#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
static bool is_string (const DB_VALUE * s);
#endif /* ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION */
static bool is_char_string (const DB_VALUE * s);
static bool is_integer (const DB_VALUE * i);
static bool is_number (const DB_VALUE * n);
static int qstr_grow_string (DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * result, int new_size);
#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
static int qstr_append (unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type, const unsigned char *s2,
            int s2_length, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type, INTL_CODESET codeset, int *result_length,
            int *result_size, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status);
#endif
static int qstr_concatenate (const unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_size, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type,
                 const unsigned char *s2, int s2_length, int s2_size, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type,
                 INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **result, int *result_length, int *result_size,
                 DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status);
static int qstr_bit_concatenate (const unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type,
                 const unsigned char *s2, int s2_length, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type,
                 unsigned char **result, int *result_length, int *result_size, DB_TYPE * result_type,
                 DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status);
static bool varchar_truncated (const unsigned char *s, DB_TYPE s_type, int s_length, int used_chars,
                   INTL_CODESET codeset);
static bool varbit_truncated (const unsigned char *s, int s_length, int used_bits);
static void bit_ncat (unsigned char *r, int offset, const unsigned char *s, int n);
static int bstring_fls (const char *s, int n);
static int qstr_bit_coerce (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int src_precision, DB_TYPE src_type,
                unsigned char **dest, int *dest_length, int dest_precision, DB_TYPE dest_type,
                DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status);
static int qstr_coerce (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int src_precision, DB_TYPE src_type,
            INTL_CODESET src_codeset, INTL_CODESET dest_codeset, unsigned char **dest, int *dest_length,
            int *dest_size, int dest_precision, DB_TYPE dest_type, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status);
static int qstr_position (const char *sub_string, const int sub_size, const int sub_length, const char *src_string,
              const char *src_end, const char *src_string_bound, int src_length, int coll_id,
              bool is_forward_search, int *position);
static int qstr_bit_position (const unsigned char *sub_string, int sub_length, const unsigned char *src_string,
                  int src_length, int *position);
static int shift_left (unsigned char *bit_string, int bit_string_size);
static int qstr_substring (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int start, int length, INTL_CODESET codeset,
               unsigned char **r, int *r_length, int *r_size);
static int qstr_bit_substring (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int start, int length, unsigned char **r,
                   int *r_length);
static void left_nshift (const unsigned char *bit_string, int bit_string_size, int shift_amount, unsigned char *r,
             int r_size);
static int qstr_ffs (int v);
static int hextoi (char hex_char);
static int adjust_precision (char *data, int precision, int scale);
static int date_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang,
             DB_VALUE * result_str, const TP_DOMAIN * domain);
static int number_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * number_lang,
               DB_VALUE * result_str, const TP_DOMAIN * domain);
static int lob_to_bit_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value, DB_TYPE lob_type, int max_length);
static int lob_from_file (const char *path, const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * lob_value, DB_TYPE lob_type);
static int lob_length (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value);

static int make_number_to_char (const INTL_LANG lang, char *num_string, char *format_str, int *length,
                DB_CURRENCY currency, char **result_str, INTL_CODESET codeset);
static int make_scientific_notation (char *src_string, int cipher);
static int roundoff (const INTL_LANG lang, char *src_string, int flag, int *cipher, char *format);
static int scientific_to_decimal_string (const INTL_LANG lang, char *src_string, char **scientific_str);
static int to_number_next_state (const int previous_state, const int input_char, const INTL_LANG number_lang_id);
static int make_number (char *src, char *last_src, INTL_CODESET codeset, char *token, int *token_length, DB_VALUE * r,
            const int precision, const int scale, const INTL_LANG number_lang_id);
static int get_number_token (const INTL_LANG lang, char *fsp, int *length, char *last_position, char **next_fsp,
                 INTL_CODESET codeset);
static TIMESTAMP_FORMAT get_next_format (const char *sp, const INTL_CODESET codeset, DB_TYPE str_type,
                     int *format_length, const char **next_pos);
static int get_cur_year (void);
static int get_cur_month (void);
/* utility functions */
static int add_and_normalize_date_time (int *years, int *months, int *days, int *hours, int *minutes, int *seconds,
                    int *milliseconds, const DB_BIGINT * composite_values);
static int sub_and_normalize_date_time (int *years, int *months, int *days, int *hours, int *minutes, int *seconds,
                    int *milliseconds, const DB_BIGINT * composite_values);
static void set_time_argument (struct tm *dest, int year, int month, int day, int hour, int min, int sec);
static long calc_unix_timestamp (struct tm *time_argument);
#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
static int parse_for_next_int (char **ch, char *output);
#endif

static int db_date_add_sub_interval_composite_value (const char *expr_s, int unit, DB_BIGINT * values,
                             int *is_positive_value);
static int db_date_add_sub_interval_expr (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * expr,
                      const int unit, int is_add);
static int db_date_add_sub_interval_days (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * db_days,
                      bool is_add);
static int db_round_dbvalue_to_int (const DB_VALUE * src, int *result);
static int db_get_next_like_pattern_character (const char *const pattern, const int length, const INTL_CODESET codeset,
                           const bool has_escape_char, const char *escape_str, int *const position,
                           char **crt_char_p, bool * const is_escaped);
static bool is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization (const char *chr, const bool is_escaped, INTL_CODESET codeset);
static int db_check_or_create_null_term_string (const DB_VALUE * str_val, char *pre_alloc_buf, int pre_alloc_buf_size,
                        bool ignore_prec_spaces, bool ignore_trail_spaces, char **str_out,
                        bool * do_alloc);
static bool is_str_valid_number (char *num_p, char *str_end, int base, INTL_CODESET codeset);
static bool is_valid_ip_slice (const char *ipslice);

/* reads cnt digits until non-digit char reached,
 * returns nr of characters traversed
 */
static int parse_digits (char *s, int *nr, int cnt);
static int parse_time_string (const char *timestr, int timestr_size, int *sign, int *h, int *m, int *s, int *ms);
static int get_string_date_token_id (const STRING_DATE_TOKEN token_type, const INTL_LANG intl_lang_id, const char *cs,
                     const INTL_CODESET codeset, int *token_id, int *token_size);
static int print_string_date_token (const STRING_DATE_TOKEN token_type, const INTL_LANG intl_lang_id,
                    const INTL_CODESET codeset, int token_id, int case_mode, char *buffer,
                    int *token_size);
static void convert_locale_number (char *sz, const int size, const INTL_LANG src_locale, const INTL_LANG dst_locale);
static int parse_tzd (const char *str, const int max_expect_len);

#define TRIM_FORMAT_STRING(sz, n) {if (strlen(sz) > n) sz[n] = 0;}
#define WHITESPACE(c)   (char_isspace2((c)))

/* same as characters in get_next_format */
#define PUNCTUATIONAL(c) ((c) == '-' || (c) == '/' || (c) == ',' || (c) == '.' \
              || (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == ' ' \
              || (c) == '\t' || (c) == '\n')

/* character that need escaping when making Json String */
#define ESCAPE_CHAR(c) (c <= 0x1f || (c) == '"' || (c) == '\\')

#define SKIP_SPACES(ch, end)    do {\
    while (ch != end && char_isspace(*(ch))) (ch)++; \
} while(0)

#define TZD_DEFAULT_EXPECTED_LEN 4
#define TZD_MAX_EXPECTED_LEN TZ_DS_STRING_SIZE

typedef struct date_time_info DATE_TIME_INFO;
struct date_time_info
{
  int h;
  int mi;
  int s;
  int ms;
  int year;
  int month;
  int day;
  TZ_ID tz_id;
  bool is_valid_tz;
};
static int get_date_time_info (DATE_TIME_INFO * dtzi, DB_TYPE res_type, const DB_VALUE * value_ptr, bool dateformat);
static int put_date_time_info (DATE_TIME_INFO * dtzi, const DB_VALUE * format, INTL_LANG date_lang_id,
                   const LANG_LOCALE_DATA * lld, bool dateformat, char **res_ptr);

/*
 *  Public Functions for Strings - Bit and Character
 */

/*
 * db_string_compare () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *                string1: Left side of compare.
 *                string2: Right side of compare
 *                result: Integer result of comparison.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *    ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE   :
 *        <string1> or <string2> are not character strings.
 *
 *    ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *        <string1> and <string2> have differing character code sets.
 *
 *    ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS
 *        <string1> and <string2> have incompatible collations.
 *
 */

int
db_string_compare (const DB_VALUE * string1, const DB_VALUE * string2, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY string1_category, string2_category;
  int cmp_result = 0;
  DB_TYPE str1_type, str2_type;

  bool ti = true;
  static bool ignore_trailing_space = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_IGNORE_TRAILING_SPACE);

  /* Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated. */
  assert (string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors. Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   * Verify that the input strings belong to compatible categories. */
  string1_category = qstr_get_category (string1);
  string2_category = qstr_get_category (string2);

  str1_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1);
  str2_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str1_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str2_type))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  if (string1_category != string2_category)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    }

  /* A string which is NULL (not the same as a NULL string) is ordered less than a string which is not NULL.  Two
   * strings which are NULL are ordered equivalently. If both strings are not NULL, then the strings themselves are
   * compared. */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) && !DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = -1;
    }
  else if (!DB_IS_NULL (string1) && DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = 1;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) && DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = 0;
    }
  else if (db_get_string_codeset (string1) != db_get_string_codeset (string2))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    }
  else
    {
      int coll_id;

      switch (string1_category)
    {
    case QSTR_CHAR:

      assert (db_get_string_codeset (string1) == db_get_string_codeset (string2));

      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (string1), db_get_string_collation (string2), coll_id);

      if (coll_id == -1)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS, 0);
          return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
        }

      coll_id = db_get_string_collation (string1);
      assert (db_get_string_collation (string1) == db_get_string_collation (string2));

      if (!ignore_trailing_space)
        {
          ti = (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (str1_type) && QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (str2_type));
        }
      cmp_result = QSTR_COMPARE (coll_id, DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_size (string1),
                     DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_size (string2), ti);
      break;
    case QSTR_BIT:
      cmp_result = varbit_compare (DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_size (string1),
                       DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_size (string2));
      break;
    default:        /* QSTR_UNKNOWN */
      assert (false);
    }
    }

  if (cmp_result < 0)
    {
      cmp_result = -1;
    }
  else if (cmp_result > 0)
    {
      cmp_result = 1;
    }
  db_make_int (result, cmp_result);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_string_unique_prefix () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *                string1: (IN) Left side of compare.
 *                string2: (IN) Right side of compare.
 *                 result: (OUT) string such that > string1, and <= string2.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *    (TBD)
 *
 * Note:
 *    The purpose of this routine is to find a prefix that is greater
 *    than or equal to the first string but strictly less than the second
 *    string.
 *
 *    This routine assumes:
 *       a) The second string is strictly greater than the first
 *           (according to the ANSI SQL string comparison rules).
 *       b) The two strings are both of the same 'type', although one may be
 *           'fixed' and the other may be 'varying'.
 *       c) No padding is done.
 *
 * Assert:
 *
 *    1. string1 != (DB_VALUE *)NULL
 *    2. string2 != (DB_VALUE *)NULL
 *    3. result  != (DB_VALUE *)NULL
 *
 */
#if 1
int
db_string_unique_prefix (const DB_VALUE * db_string1, const DB_VALUE * db_string2, DB_VALUE * db_result,
             TP_DOMAIN * key_domain)
{
  DB_TYPE result_type = (DB_TYPE) 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int precision;
  DB_VALUE tmp_result;
  int c;

  bool ti = true;
  static bool ignore_trailing_space = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_IGNORE_TRAILING_SPACE);

  /* Assertions */
  assert (db_string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (db_string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (db_result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  error_status = db_string_compare (db_string1, db_string2, &tmp_result);
  if ((error_status != NO_ERROR)
      || ((c = db_get_int (&tmp_result)) && ((!key_domain->is_desc && c > 0) || (key_domain->is_desc && c < 0))))
    {
      db_make_null (db_result);
#if defined(CUBRID_DEBUG)
      if (error_status == ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE)
    {
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix(): non-string type: %s and %s\n",
          pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string1)), pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string2)));
    }
      if (error_status == ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS)
    {
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix(): incompatible types: %s and %s\n",
          pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string1)), pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string2)));
    }
      if (db_get_int (&tmp_result) > 0)
    {
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix(): string1 %s, greater than string2 %s\n", db_get_string (db_string1),
          db_get_string (db_string2));
    }
#endif
      return ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }

  precision = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (db_string1);
  /* Determine the result type */
  result_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string1);
  if (QSTR_IS_BIT (result_type))
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARBIT;
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_CHAR (result_type))
    {
      db_make_null (db_result);
#if defined(CUBRID_DEBUG)
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix(): non-string type: %s and %s\n",
          pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string1)), pr_type_name (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string2)));
#endif
      return ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }

  /* A string which is NULL (not the same as a NULL string) is ordered less than a string which is not NULL.  Since
   * string2 is assumed to be strictly > string1, string2 can never be NULL. */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (db_string1))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (db_result, result_type, precision, 0);
    }

  /* Find the first byte where the 2 strings differ.  Set the result accordingly. */
  else
    {
      int size1, size2, result_size, pad_size = 0;
      const unsigned char *string1 = NULL, *string2 = NULL, *t = NULL, *key = NULL;
      unsigned char *result, pad[2];
      INTL_CODESET codeset;
      int num_bits = -1;
      int collation_id;
      bool bit_use_str2_size = false;

      string1 = DB_GET_UCHAR (db_string1);
      size1 = (int) db_get_string_size (db_string1);
      string2 = DB_GET_UCHAR (db_string2);
      size2 = (int) db_get_string_size (db_string2);
      codeset = db_get_string_codeset (db_string1);
      collation_id = db_get_string_collation (db_string1);

      assert (collation_id == db_get_string_collation (db_string2));

      if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
    {
      collation_id = LANG_COLL_ISO_BINARY;
    }

      if (string1 == NULL || string2 == NULL)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER, 0);
      return ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    }

      intl_pad_char (codeset, pad, &pad_size);

    trim_again:
      /* We need to implicitly trim both strings since we don't want padding for the result (its of varying type) and
       * since padding can mask the logical end of both of the strings.  Trimming depends on codeset. */

      if (!ignore_trailing_space)
    {
      ti = (db_string1->domain.char_info.type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
        && (db_string2->domain.char_info.type == DB_TYPE_CHAR);
    }
      if (ti)
    {
      if (pad_size == 1)
        {
          for (t = string1 + (size1 - 1); t >= string1 && *t == pad[0]; t--, size1--)
        {
          ;
        }
          for (t = string2 + (size2 - 1); t >= string2 && *t == pad[0]; t--, size2--)
        {
          ;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          assert (pad_size == 2);

          for (t = string1 + (size1 - 2); t >= string1 && *t == pad[0] && *(t + 1) == pad[1];
           t--, t--, size1--, size1--)
        {
          ;
        }

          for (t = string2 + (size2 - 2); t >= string2 && *t == pad[0] && *(t + 1) == pad[1];
           t--, t--, size2--, size2--)
        {
          ;
        }

          if (codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
        {
          /* trim also ASCII space */
          intl_pad_char (INTL_CODESET_ISO88591, pad, &pad_size);
          goto trim_again;
        }
        }
    }

      if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
    {
      int size;
      const unsigned char *t2;

      for (size = 1, t = string1, t2 = string2; size <= size1 && size <= size2; size++, t++, t2++)
        {
          if (*t != *t2)
        {
          size++;
          break;
        }
        }

      if (!(key_domain->is_desc))
        {           /* normal index */
          key = string2;

          /* search until non-zero differentiating byte */
          t2++;
          size++;

          bit_use_str2_size = false;
          if (size >= size2)
        {
          size = size2;
          bit_use_str2_size = true;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          /* reverse index */
          assert (key_domain->is_desc);

          t++;
          size++;

          if (size >= size1)
        {
          /* str1 exhaused or at last byte, we use string2 as key */
          key = string2;
          size = size2;
          bit_use_str2_size = true;
        }
          else
        {
          /* pos is already at the next diffentiating byte */
          assert (size < size1);
          key = string1;
          bit_use_str2_size = false;
        }
        }

      num_bits = bit_use_str2_size ? (db_string2->data.ch.medium.size) : (size * BYTE_SIZE);

      result_size = (num_bits + 7) / 8;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = QSTR_SPLIT_KEY (collation_id, key_domain->is_desc, string1, size1, string2, size2, &key,
                     &result_size, ti);
    }
      assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);

      assert (key != NULL);

      result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, result_size + 1);
      if (result)
    {
      if (result_size)
        {
          (void) memcpy (result, key, result_size);
        }
      result[result_size] = 0;
      db_value_domain_init (db_result, result_type, precision, 0);
      error_status = db_make_db_char (db_result, codeset, collation_id, REINTERPRET_CAST (char *, result),
                      (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT ? num_bits : result_size));
      db_result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      /* will already be set by memory mgr */
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
    }

#if !defined(NDEBUG)
  if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      int err_status2 = NO_ERROR;
      int c1 = 1, c2 = -1;

      err_status2 = db_string_prefix_compare (db_string1, db_result, &tmp_result);
      if (err_status2 == NO_ERROR)
    {
      c1 = db_get_int (&tmp_result);
    }
      err_status2 = db_string_prefix_compare (db_result, db_string2, &tmp_result);
      if (err_status2 == NO_ERROR)
    {
      c2 = db_get_int (&tmp_result);
    }

      if (!key_domain->is_desc)
    {
      assert (c1 < 0 && c2 <= 0);
    }
      else
    {
      assert (c1 > 0 && c2 >= 0);
    }
    }
#endif

  return (error_status);
}
#else
int
db_string_unique_prefix (const DB_VALUE * db_string1, const DB_VALUE * db_string2, DB_VALUE * db_result)
{
  DB_TYPE result_type = 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int precision, num_bits = -1;
  DB_TYPE string_type;

  /* Assertions */
  assert (db_string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (db_string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (db_result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  precision = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (db_string1);
  string_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_string1);

  /* Determine the result type */
  if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (string_type))
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
    }
  else if (QSTR_IS_BIT (string_type))
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARBIT;
    }
  else
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_NULL;
      db_make_null (db_result);
#if defined(CUBRID_DEBUG)
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix called with non-string type: %s\n", pr_type_name (string_type));
#endif
      return ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }

  /*
   * A string which is NULL (not the same as a NULL string) is
   * ordered less than a string which is not NULL.  Since string2 is
   * assumed to be strictly > string1, string2 can never be NULL.
   */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (db_string1))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (db_result, result_type, precision, 0);
    }
  /*
   *  Find the first byte where the 2 strings differ.  Set the result
   *  accordingly.
   */
  else
    {
      int string1_size = db_get_string_size (db_string1);
      int string2_size = db_get_string_size (db_string2);
      const unsigned char *string1 = (const unsigned char *) db_get_string (db_string1);
      const unsigned char *string2 = (const unsigned char *) db_get_string (db_string2);
      unsigned char *result;
      const unsigned char *key;
      int result_size;
      INTL_CODESET codeset = db_get_string_codeset ((DB_VALUE *) db_string1);

      /* We need to implicitly trim both strings since we don't want padding for the result (its of varying type) and
       * since padding can mask the logical end of both of the strings.  We need to be careful how the trimming is
       * done.  Char and varchar can do the normal trim and bit and varbit don't want to trim at all. */
      if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
    {
      for (; string1_size && string1[string1_size - 1] == ' '; string1_size--)
        {
          ;         /* do nothing */
        }
      for (; string2_size && string2[string2_size - 1] == ' '; string2_size--)
        {
          ;         /* do nothing */
        }
    }

      /* now find the first byte where the strings differ */
      for (result_size = 0;
       result_size < string1_size && result_size < string2_size && string1[result_size] == string2[result_size];
       result_size++)
    {
      ;         /* do nothing */
    }

      /* Check for string2 < string1.  This check can only be done when we haven't exhausted one of the strings.  If
       * string2 is exhausted it is an error. */
      if ((result_size != string1_size)
      && ((result_size == string2_size) || (string2[result_size] < string1[result_size])))
    {
#if defined(CUBRID_DEBUG)
      printf ("db_string_unique_prefix called with ");
      printf ("string1: %s, greater than string2: %s\n", string1, string2);
#endif
      error_status = ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {

      if (result_size == string1_size || result_size == string2_size - 1)
        {
          key = string1;
          result_size = string1_size;
          /* if we have bits, we need all the string1 bits.  Remember that you may not use all of the bits in the
           * last byte. */
          if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
        {
          num_bits = db_string1->data.ch.medium.size;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          result_size += 1;
          key = string2;
          /* if we have bits, we will take all the bits for the differentiating byte.  This is fine since in this
           * branch we are guaranteed not to be at the end of either string. */
          if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
        {
          num_bits = result_size * BYTE_SIZE;
        }
        }

      result = db_private_alloc (NULL, result_size + 1);
      if (result)
        {
          if (result_size)
        {
          memcpy (result, key, result_size);
        }
          result[result_size] = 0;
          db_value_domain_init (db_result, result_type, precision, 0);
          if (result_type == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
        {
          error_status = db_make_db_char (db_result, codeset, (const char *) result, num_bits);
        }
          else
        {
          error_status = db_make_db_char (db_result, codeset, (const char *) result, result_size);
        }

          db_result->need_clear = true;
        }
      else
        {
          /* will already be set by memory mgr */
          assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
          error_status = er_errid ();
        }
    }
    }

  return (error_status);
}
#endif

/*
 * db_string_concatenate () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *          string1: Left string to concatenate.
 *          string2: Right string to concatenate.
 *           result: Result of concatenation of both strings.
 *      data_status: DB_DATA_STATUS which indicates if truncation occurred.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *          <string1> or <string2> not string types.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <string1> or <string2> have different character code sets
 *          or are not all bit strings.
 *
 */

int
db_string_concatenate (const DB_VALUE * string1, const DB_VALUE * string2, DB_VALUE * result,
               DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY string1_code_set, string2_code_set;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE string_type1, string_type2;
  bool is_inplace_concat;

  /*
   *  Initialize status value
   */
  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  is_inplace_concat = false;    /* init */

  /* check iff is in-place update */
  if (string1 == result || string2 == result)
    {
      is_inplace_concat = true;
    }

  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  string1_code_set = qstr_get_category (string1);
  string2_code_set = qstr_get_category (string2);

  string_type1 = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1);
  string_type2 = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type1) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type2))
    {
      /* ORACLE7 ServerSQL Language Reference Manual 3-4; Although ORACLE treats zero-length character strings as
       * nulls, concatenating a zero-length character string with another operand always results in the other operand,
       * rather than a null. However, this may not continue to be true in future versions of ORACLE. To concatenate an
       * expression that might be null, use the NVL function to explicitly convert the expression to a zero-length
       * string. */
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING))
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type2))
        {
          pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) string2, result);
        }
      else if (DB_IS_NULL (string2) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type1))
        {
          pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) string1, result);
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
    }
  else if ((string1_code_set != string2_code_set))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) || DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      bool check_empty_string;

      /* ORACLE7 ServerSQL Language Reference Manual 3-4; Although ORACLE treats zero-length character strings as
       * nulls, concatenating a zero-length character string with another operand always results in the other operand,
       * rather than a null. However, this may not continue to be true in future versions of ORACLE. To concatenate an
       * expression that might be null, use the NVL function to explicitly convert the expression to a zero-length
       * string. */
      check_empty_string = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) ? true : false;

      if (check_empty_string && DB_IS_NULL (string1) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type2))
    {
      pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) string2, result);
    }
      else if (check_empty_string && DB_IS_NULL (string2) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (string_type1))
    {
      pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) string1, result);
    }
      else
    {
      if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (string_type1))
        {
          if (string_type1 == DB_TYPE_VARCHAR || string_type2 == DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
        {
          db_value_domain_init (result, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
        }
          else
        {
          db_value_domain_init (result, DB_TYPE_CHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
        }
        }
      else
        {
          if (string_type1 == DB_TYPE_VARBIT || string_type2 == DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
        {
          db_value_domain_init (result, DB_TYPE_VARBIT, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
        }
          else
        {
          db_value_domain_init (result, DB_TYPE_BIT, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
        }
        }
    }
    }
  else
    {
      unsigned char *r;
      int r_length, r_size;
      DB_TYPE r_type;

      if (string1_code_set == QSTR_BIT)
    {
      int result_domain_length;

      error_status = qstr_bit_concatenate (DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_length (string1),
                           (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string1), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1),
                           DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_length (string2),
                           (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string2), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2),
                           &r, &r_length, &r_size, &r_type, data_status);

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
        {
          if ((DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string1) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
          || (DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string2) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE))
        {
          result_domain_length = TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE;
        }
          else
        {
          result_domain_length =
            MIN (DB_MAX_BIT_LENGTH, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string1) + DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string2));
        }

          qstr_make_typed_string (r_type, result, result_domain_length, (char *) r, r_length,
                      db_get_string_codeset (string1), db_get_string_collation (string1));
          result->need_clear = true;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      DB_VALUE temp;
      int result_domain_length;
      int common_coll;
      INTL_CODESET codeset = db_get_string_codeset (string1);

      db_make_null (&temp);

      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (string1), db_get_string_collation (string2), common_coll);
      if (common_coll == -1)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS, 0);
          return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
        }

      if (db_get_string_codeset (string1) != db_get_string_codeset (string2))
        {
          DB_DATA_STATUS data_status;

          codeset = lang_get_collation (common_coll)->codeset;

          if (db_get_string_codeset (string1) != codeset)
        {
          db_value_domain_init (&temp, string_type1, (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string1), 0);

          db_string_put_cs_and_collation (&temp, codeset, common_coll);
          error_status = db_char_string_coerce (string1, &temp, &data_status);

          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              pr_clear_value (&temp);
              return error_status;
            }

          assert (data_status == DATA_STATUS_OK);

          string1 = &temp;
        }
          else
        {
          assert (db_get_string_codeset (string2) != codeset);

          db_value_domain_init (&temp, string_type2, (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string2), 0);

          db_string_put_cs_and_collation (&temp, codeset, common_coll);
          error_status = db_char_string_coerce (string2, &temp, &data_status);

          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              pr_clear_value (&temp);
              return error_status;
            }

          assert (data_status == DATA_STATUS_OK);

          string2 = &temp;
        }
        }

      error_status = qstr_concatenate (DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_length ((DB_VALUE *) string1),
                       (int) db_get_string_size (string1),
                       (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string1), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1),
                       DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_length ((DB_VALUE *) string2),
                       (int) db_get_string_size (string2),
                       (int) QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (string2), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2),
                       codeset, &r, &r_length, &r_size, data_status);

      pr_clear_value (&temp);

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR && r != NULL)
        {
          if ((DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string1) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
          || (DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string2) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE))
        {
          result_domain_length = TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE;
        }
          else
        {
          result_domain_length =
            MIN (DB_MAX_VARCHAR_PRECISION, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string1) + DB_VALUE_PRECISION (string2));
        }

          if (is_inplace_concat)
        {
          /* clear value before in-place update */
          (void) pr_clear_value (result);
        }

          qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, result_domain_length, (char *) r, r_size, codeset,
                      common_coll);
          r[r_size] = 0;
          result->data.ch.medium.length = r_length;
          result->need_clear = true;
        }
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_chr () - take character of db_value
 *   return: NO_ERROR, or ER_code
 *   res(OUT)   : resultant db_value node
 *   dbval1(IN) : first db_value node
 *   dbval2(IN) : charset name to use
 */

int
db_string_chr (DB_VALUE * res, DB_VALUE * dbval1, DB_VALUE * dbval2)
{
  DB_TYPE arg_type;
  DB_BIGINT temp_bigint = 0;
  unsigned int temp_arg = 0, uint_arg = 0;
  int itmp = 0;

  DB_BIGINT bi = 0;

  double dtmp = 0;

  char *num_as_bytes = NULL;
  char *invalid_pos = NULL;
  int num_byte_count = 0;
  int i, codeset = -1, collation = -1;
  int err_status = NO_ERROR;

  arg_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dbval1);

  assert (dbval1 != NULL && dbval2 != NULL);

  if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (dbval1))
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  assert (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dbval2) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);

  codeset = db_get_int (dbval2);
  if (codeset != INTL_CODESET_UTF8 && codeset != INTL_CODESET_ISO88591 && codeset != INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC
      && codeset != INTL_CODESET_BINARY)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      err_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto exit;
    }

  /* Get value according to DB_TYPE */
  switch (arg_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_SHORT:
      itmp = db_get_short (dbval1);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      itmp = db_get_int (dbval1);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      bi = db_get_bigint (dbval1);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
      dtmp = db_get_float (dbval1);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
      dtmp = db_get_double (dbval1);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      numeric_coerce_num_to_double (db_locate_numeric (dbval1), DB_VALUE_SCALE (dbval1), &dtmp);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      dtmp = (db_get_monetary (dbval1))->amount;
      break;
    default:
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_GENERIC_ERROR, 0);
      err_status = ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
      goto exit;
    }               /* switch */

  /* bi, dtmp and itmp have the default value set to 0, so temp_bigint will hold the numeric representation of the
   * first argument, regardless of its type. */
  temp_bigint = bi + (DB_BIGINT) round (fmod (dtmp, 0x100000000)) + itmp;

  if (temp_bigint >= 0)
    {
      temp_arg = DB_UINT32_MAX & temp_bigint;
    }
  else
    {
      temp_arg = DB_UINT32_MAX & (-temp_bigint);
      temp_arg = DB_UINT32_MAX - temp_arg + 1;
    }
  uint_arg = temp_arg;

  if (temp_arg == 0)
    {
      num_byte_count = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      while (temp_arg > 0)
    {
      num_byte_count++;
      temp_arg >>= 8;
    }
    }

  num_as_bytes = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (1 + num_byte_count) * sizeof (char));
  if (num_as_bytes == NULL)
    {
      err_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto exit;
    }
  temp_arg = uint_arg;

  for (i = num_byte_count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
      num_as_bytes[i] = (char) (temp_arg & 0xFF);
      temp_arg >>= 8;
    }
  num_as_bytes[num_byte_count] = '\0';

  if ((codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8
       && intl_check_utf8 ((const unsigned char *) num_as_bytes, num_byte_count, &invalid_pos) != INTL_UTF8_VALID)
      || (codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC
      && intl_check_euckr ((const unsigned char *) num_as_bytes, num_byte_count, &invalid_pos) != INTL_UTF8_VALID))
    {
      db_make_null (res);
      db_private_free (NULL, num_as_bytes);

      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      err_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      err_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }
      goto exit;
    }

  collation = LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (codeset);

  db_make_varchar (res, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, num_as_bytes, num_byte_count, codeset, collation);
  res->need_clear = true;

exit:
  return err_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_instr () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      sub_string: String fragment to search for within <src_string>.
 *      src_string: String to be searched.
 *          result: Character or bit position of the first <sub_string>
 *                  occurance.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <sub_string> or <src_string> are not a character strings.
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *         <sub_string> and <src_string> have different character
 *         code sets, or are not both bit strings.
 *
 */

int
db_string_instr (const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * sub_string, const DB_VALUE * start_pos,
         DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str1_type, str2_type;
  DB_TYPE arg3_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (sub_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (start_pos != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  str1_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  str2_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (sub_string);
  arg3_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (start_pos);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (sub_string) || DB_IS_NULL (start_pos))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  else
    {
      if ((str1_type != DB_TYPE_STRING && str1_type != DB_TYPE_CHAR && str1_type != DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
      || (str2_type != DB_TYPE_STRING && str2_type != DB_TYPE_CHAR && str2_type != DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
      || (arg3_type != DB_TYPE_INTEGER && arg3_type != DB_TYPE_SHORT && arg3_type != DB_TYPE_BIGINT))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      else if (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (sub_string)
           || (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (sub_string)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      else
    {
      int position = 0;
      int src_str_len;
      int sub_str_len;
      int offset = db_get_int (start_pos);
      INTL_CODESET codeset = (INTL_CODESET) db_get_string_codeset (src_string);
      const char *search_from, *src_buf, *sub_str;
      int coll_id;
      int sub_str_size = db_get_string_size (sub_string);
      int from_byte_offset;
      int src_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);

      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src_string), db_get_string_collation (sub_string), coll_id);
      if (coll_id == -1)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS, 0);
          return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
        }

      src_str_len = db_get_string_length (src_string);
      sub_str_len = db_get_string_length (sub_string);

      src_buf = db_get_string (src_string);
      if (src_size < 0)
        {
          src_size = strlen (src_buf);
        }

      sub_str = db_get_string (sub_string);
      if (sub_str_size < 0)
        {
          sub_str_size = strlen (sub_str);
        }

      if (offset > 0)
        {
          offset--;
          if (offset + sub_str_len > src_str_len)
        {       /* out of bound */
          position = 0;
        }
          else
        {
          search_from = src_buf;

          intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) search_from, offset, codeset, &from_byte_offset);
          search_from += from_byte_offset;

          intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) search_from, src_size - from_byte_offset, codeset, &src_str_len);

          /* forward search */
          error_status =
            qstr_position (sub_str, sub_str_size, sub_str_len, search_from, src_buf + src_size,
                   src_buf + src_size, src_str_len, coll_id, true, &position);
          position += (position != 0) ? offset : 0;
        }
        }
      else if (offset < 0)
        {
          if (src_str_len + offset + 1 < sub_str_len)
        {
          position = 0;
        }
          else
        {
          int real_offset = src_str_len + offset - (sub_str_len - 1);

          search_from = src_buf;

          intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) search_from, real_offset, codeset, &from_byte_offset);

          search_from += from_byte_offset;

          /* backward search */
          error_status =
            qstr_position (sub_str, sub_str_size, sub_str_len, search_from, src_buf + src_size, src_buf,
                   src_str_len + offset + 1, coll_id, false, &position);
          if (position != 0)
            {
              position = src_str_len - (-offset - 1) - (position - 1) - (sub_str_len - 1);
            }
        }
        }
      else
        {
          /* offset == 0 */
          position = 0;
        }

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_make_int (result, position);
        }
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_space () -
 *  returns a VARCHAR string consisting of a number of space characters equals
 *  to the given argument
 *
 * Arguments:
 *  count: number of space characters in the returned string
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *     ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE: count is not a discrete numeric type (integer)
 *              ....  ...
 */

int
db_string_space (DB_VALUE const *count, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  assert (count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (count))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      int len = 0;
      char *space_string_p = NULL;

      switch (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (count))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      len = db_get_short (count);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      len = db_get_int (count);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      len = (int) db_get_bigint (count);
      break;
    default:
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

      if (len < 0)
    {
      len = 0;
    }

      if (len > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      er_set (ER_NOTIFICATION_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG, 2, len,
          (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

      space_string_p = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, len + 1);

      if (space_string_p)
    {
      if (len > 64)
        {
          /* if string is longer than 64 chars use memset to initialize it */
          memset (space_string_p, ' ', len);
        }
      else
        {
          int i = 0;

          while (i < len)
        space_string_p[i++] = ' ';
        }
      space_string_p[len] = '\0';

      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, len, space_string_p, len, LANG_COERCIBLE_CODESET,
                  LANG_COERCIBLE_COLL);
      result->need_clear = true;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      return er_errid ();
    }
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_position () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      sub_string: String fragment to search for within <src_string>.
 *      src_string: String to be searched.
 *          result: Character or bit position of the first <sub_string>
 *                  occurance.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <sub_string> or <src_string> are not a character strings.
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *         <sub_string> and <src_string> have different character
 *         code sets, or are not both bit strings.
 *
 */

int
db_string_position (const DB_VALUE * sub_string, const DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str1_type, str2_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (sub_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);


  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  str1_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (sub_string);
  str2_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (sub_string) || DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str1_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str2_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if ((qstr_get_category (sub_string) != qstr_get_category (src_string))
       || (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (sub_string)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else
    {
      int position;
      DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);

      if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      const char *src_str = db_get_string (src_string);
      int src_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);
      const char *sub_str = db_get_string (sub_string);
      int sub_size = db_get_string_size (sub_string);
      int coll_id;

      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src_string), db_get_string_collation (sub_string), coll_id);
      if (coll_id == -1)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS, 0);
          return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
        }

      if (src_size < 0)
        {
          src_size = strlen (src_str);
        }

      if (sub_size < 0)
        {
          sub_size = strlen (sub_str);
        }

      error_status = qstr_position (sub_str, sub_size, db_get_string_length (sub_string), src_str,
                    src_str + src_size, src_str + src_size, db_get_string_length (src_string),
                    coll_id, true, &position);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = qstr_bit_position (DB_GET_UCHAR (sub_string), db_get_string_length (sub_string),
                        DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), db_get_string_length (src_string), &position);
    }

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_int (result, position);
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_substring
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: String from which extraction will occur.
 *              start_pos: Character position to begin extraction from.
 *      extraction_length: Number of characters to extract (Optional).
 *             sub_string: Extracted subtring is returned here.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <src_string> is not a string type,
 *         <start_pos> or <extraction_length>  is not an integer type
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *         <src_string> have different character
 *         code sets or are not both bit strings.
 *
 */

int
db_string_substring (const MISC_OPERAND substr_operand, const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * start_position,
             const DB_VALUE * extraction_length, DB_VALUE * sub_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int extraction_length_is_null = false;
  DB_TYPE result_type;
  DB_TYPE src_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (start_position != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (sub_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);

  if ((extraction_length == NULL) || DB_IS_NULL (extraction_length))
    {
      extraction_length_is_null = true;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
    }
  else
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARBIT;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (start_position))
    {
#if defined(SERVER_MODE)
      assert (DB_IS_NULL (sub_string));
#endif
      db_make_null (sub_string);
    }
  else
    {
      if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (src_type) || !is_integer (start_position)
      || (!extraction_length_is_null && !is_integer (extraction_length)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      else
    {
      unsigned char *sub;
      int sub_length;

      int extract_nchars = -1;

      if (!extraction_length_is_null)
        {
          extract_nchars = (int) db_get_int (extraction_length);
        }

      /* Initialize the memory manager of the substring */
      if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
        {
          int sub_size = 0;

          const unsigned char *string = DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string);
          int start_offset = db_get_int (start_position);
          int string_len = db_get_string_length (src_string);

          if (extraction_length_is_null)
        {
          extract_nchars = string_len;
        }

          if (substr_operand == SUBSTR)
        {
          if (extract_nchars < 0 || string_len < ABS (start_offset))
            {
              return error_status;
            }

          if (start_offset < 0)
            {
              int byte_pos;
              (void) intl_char_size (string, string_len + start_offset, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                         &byte_pos);
              string += byte_pos;
              string_len = -start_offset;
            }
        }

          error_status = qstr_substring (string, string_len, start_offset, extract_nchars,
                         db_get_string_codeset (src_string), &sub, &sub_length, &sub_size);
          if (error_status == NO_ERROR && sub != NULL)
        {
          qstr_make_typed_string (result_type, sub_string, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string), (char *) sub,
                      sub_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                      db_get_string_collation (src_string));
          sub[sub_size] = 0;
          sub_string->need_clear = true;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = qstr_bit_substring (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), (int) db_get_string_length (src_string),
                         (int) db_get_int (start_position), extract_nchars, &sub, &sub_length);
          if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
        {
          qstr_make_typed_string (result_type, sub_string, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string), (char *) sub,
                      sub_length, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                      db_get_string_collation (src_string));
          sub_string->need_clear = true;
        }
        }
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

static char
db_string_escape_char (char c)
{
  switch (c)
    {
    case '\b':
      return 'b';
    case '\f':
      return 'f';
    case '\n':
      return 'n';
    case '\r':
      return 'r';
    case '\t':
      return 't';
    default:
      return c;
    }
}

int
db_string_escape_str (const char *src_str, size_t src_size, char **res_string, size_t * dest_size)
{
  size_t dest_crt_pos;
  size_t src_last_pos;

  // *INDENT-OFF*
  std::vector<size_t> special_idx;
  // *INDENT-ON*
  for (size_t i = 0; i < src_size; ++i)
    {
      unsigned char uc = (unsigned char) src_str[i];
      if (ESCAPE_CHAR (uc))
    {
      special_idx.push_back (i);
    }
    }
  *dest_size = src_size + special_idx.size () + 2 /* quotes */  + 1 /* string terminator */ ;
  char *result = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, *dest_size);
  if (result == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

  result[0] = '"';
  dest_crt_pos = 1;
  src_last_pos = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < special_idx.size (); ++i)
    {
      size_t len = special_idx[i] - src_last_pos;
      if (len > 0)
    {
      memcpy (&result[dest_crt_pos], &src_str[src_last_pos], len);
      result[dest_crt_pos] = db_string_escape_char (result[dest_crt_pos]);
      dest_crt_pos += len;
    }
      result[dest_crt_pos] = '\\';
      ++dest_crt_pos;
      src_last_pos = special_idx[i];
    }

  memcpy (&result[dest_crt_pos], &src_str[src_last_pos], src_size - src_last_pos);
  result[dest_crt_pos] = db_string_escape_char (result[dest_crt_pos]);
  result[*dest_size - 2] = '"';
  result[*dest_size - 1] = '\0';

  *res_string = result;
  return NO_ERROR;
}


/*
 * db_string_quote - escape a string and surround it with quotes
 *   return: If success, return 0.
 *   src(in): str
 *   res(out): quoted string
 * Note:
 */
int
db_string_quote (const DB_VALUE * str, DB_VALUE * res)
{
  if (DB_IS_NULL (str))
    {
      return db_make_null (res);
    }
  else
    {
      char *escaped_string = NULL;
      size_t escaped_string_size;
      int error_code =
    db_string_escape_str (db_get_string (str), db_get_string_size (str), &escaped_string, &escaped_string_size);
      if (error_code)
    {
      return error_code;
    }

      db_make_null (res);
      DB_TYPE result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
      qstr_make_typed_string (result_type, res, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, escaped_string,
                  (int) escaped_string_size - 1, db_get_string_codeset (str),
                  db_get_string_collation (str));

      res->need_clear = true;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_repeat
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: String which repeats itself.
 *          count: Number of repetitions.
 *         result: string containing the repeated original.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <src_string> is not a string type,
 *         <start_pos> or <extraction_length>  is not an integer type
 *
 */

int
db_string_repeat (const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * count, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int src_length, count_i = 0, src_size = 0;
  DB_TYPE result_type = DB_TYPE_NULL;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  assert (!DB_IS_NULL (src_string) && !DB_IS_NULL (count));

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  src_length = (int) db_get_string_length (src_string);
  count_i = db_get_int (count);
  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_string);

  if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
    }

  src_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);
  if (src_size < 0)
    {
      intl_char_size (DB_GET_UCHAR (result), src_length, codeset, &src_size);
    }

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || !is_integer (count))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (count_i <= 0 || src_length <= 0)
    {
      error_status =
    db_string_make_empty_typed_string (result, result_type, src_length, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                       db_get_string_collation (src_string));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      DB_VALUE dummy;
      char *res_ptr;
      const char *src_ptr;
      DB_BIGINT new_length, expected_size;

      /* init dummy */
      db_make_null (&dummy);
      /* create an empy string for result */

      new_length = (DB_BIGINT) src_length *count_i;
      if (OR_CHECK_INT_OVERFLOW (new_length))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_PRECISION_OVERFLOW, 2, new_length, DB_INT32_MAX);
      return ER_PRECISION_OVERFLOW;
    }

      error_status =
    db_string_make_empty_typed_string (&dummy, result_type, (int) new_length,
                       db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true && DB_IS_NULL (&dummy)
      && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (&dummy)))
    {
      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      dummy.domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
    }

      expected_size = src_size * count_i;
      if (OR_CHECK_INT_OVERFLOW (expected_size))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG, 2, expected_size,
          (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));
      return ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG;
    }

      error_status = qstr_grow_string (&dummy, result, (int) expected_size);
      if (error_status < 0)
    {
      pr_clear_value (&dummy);
      return error_status;
    }
      /* qstr_grow_string may return DB_NULL if size too big */
      if (DB_IS_NULL (result))
    {
      pr_clear_value (&dummy);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

      pr_clear_value (&dummy);

      res_ptr = CONST_CAST (char *, db_get_string (result));
      src_ptr = db_get_string (src_string);

      while (count_i--)
    {
      memcpy (res_ptr, src_ptr, src_size);
      res_ptr += src_size;
    }

      /* update size of string */
      qstr_make_typed_string (result_type, result, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (result), db_get_string (result),
                  (int) expected_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                  db_get_string_collation (src_string));
      result->need_clear = true;

    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_substring_index - returns the substring from a string before
 *                 count occurences of delimeter
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: String to search in.
 *       delim_string: String delimiter
 *          count: Number of occurences.
 *         result: string containing reminder.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <str_string> or <delim_string> is not a string type,
 *         <count> is not an integer type
 *  ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *     <str_string> or <delim_string> are not compatible
 *
 */

int
db_string_substring_index (DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * delim_string, const DB_VALUE * count, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY src_categ, delim_categ;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR, count_i = 0;
  DB_TYPE src_type, delim_type;
  DB_VALUE empty_string1, empty_string2;
  INTL_CODESET src_cs, delim_cs;
  int src_coll, delim_coll;

  /*
   *  Initialize status value
   */
  db_make_null (result);
  db_make_null (&empty_string1);
  db_make_null (&empty_string2);

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (delim_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (count))
    {
      db_make_null (result);

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  count_i = db_get_int (count);

  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  src_categ = qstr_get_category (src_string);
  delim_categ = qstr_get_category (delim_string);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  delim_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (delim_string);

  src_cs = DB_IS_NULL (src_string) ? LANG_SYS_CODESET : db_get_string_codeset (src_string);
  src_coll = DB_IS_NULL (src_string) ? LANG_SYS_COLLATION : db_get_string_collation (src_string);

  delim_cs = DB_IS_NULL (delim_string) ? LANG_SYS_CODESET : db_get_string_codeset (delim_string);
  delim_coll = DB_IS_NULL (delim_string) ? LANG_SYS_COLLATION : db_get_string_collation (delim_string);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true)
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (delim_string))
        {
          /* both strings are NULL (or empty): result is DB_TYPE_NULL */
          assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
          goto empty_string;
        }
      /* convert to empty string */
      src_string = &empty_string1;

      src_type = delim_type;
      src_categ = delim_categ;

      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (src_string, src_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, delim_cs, delim_coll);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string)))
        {
          src_string->domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }

      if (DB_IS_NULL (delim_string))
    {
      /* convert to empty string */
      delim_string = &empty_string2;

      delim_type = src_type;
      delim_categ = src_categ;

      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (delim_string, delim_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, src_cs, src_coll);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (delim_string)))
        {
          delim_string->domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (delim_string))
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (delim_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if ((src_categ != delim_categ) || (src_cs != delim_cs))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (count_i == 0)
    {
      /* return an empty string */
      goto empty_string;
    }
  else
    {
      DB_VALUE offset_val, interm_pos;
      int offset = 1, initial_count = 0;
      bool count_from_start;
      const int src_length = db_get_string_length (src_string);
      const int delim_length = db_get_string_length (delim_string);

      db_make_null (&interm_pos);
      initial_count = count_i;
      count_from_start = (count_i > 0) ? true : false;
      count_i = abs (count_i);

      assert (src_cs == delim_cs);

      if (count_from_start)
    {
      while (count_i > 0)
        {
          db_make_int (&offset_val, offset);
          error_status = db_string_instr (src_string, delim_string, &offset_val, &interm_pos);
          if (error_status < 0)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
          offset = db_get_int (&interm_pos);
          if (offset != 0)
        {
          offset += delim_length;
          db_make_int (&offset_val, offset);
        }
          else
        {
          break;
        }
          count_i--;
        }

    }
      else
    {
      while (count_i > 0)
        {
          /* search from end */
          db_make_int (&offset_val, -offset);
          error_status = db_string_instr (src_string, delim_string, &offset_val, &interm_pos);
          if (error_status < 0)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
          offset = db_get_int (&interm_pos);
          if (offset != 0)
        {
          /* adjust offset to indicate position relative to end */
          offset = src_length - offset + 2;
          db_make_int (&offset_val, offset);
        }
          else
        {
          break;
        }
          count_i--;
        }
    }

      assert (count_i >= 0);

      if (count_i == 0)
    {
      /* found count occurences , return the string */
      DB_VALUE start_val, len_val;
      int start_pos = 1, end_pos = 0;

      if (count_from_start)
        {
          start_pos = 1;
          end_pos = offset - delim_length - 1;
        }
      else
        {
          start_pos = src_length - offset + 2 + delim_length;
          end_pos = src_length;
        }

      if (start_pos > end_pos || start_pos < 1 || end_pos > src_length)
        {
          /* empty string */
          goto empty_string;
        }
      else
        {
          db_make_int (&start_val, start_pos);
          db_make_int (&len_val, end_pos - start_pos + 1);

          error_status = db_string_substring (SUBSTRING, src_string, &start_val, &len_val, result);

          result->need_clear = true;
          if (error_status < 0)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
        }
    }
      else
    {
      assert (count_i > 0);
      /* not found at all or not enough number of occurences */
      /* return the entire source string */

      error_status = pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) src_string, result);
      if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
        {
          /* convert CHARACTER(N) to CHARACTER VARYING(N) */
          qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result,
                      DB_VALUE_PRECISION (result), db_get_string (result), db_get_string_size (result),
                      src_cs, src_coll);
          result->need_clear = true;
        }

      if (error_status < 0)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
    }
    }

  pr_clear_value (&empty_string1);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string2);

  return error_status;

empty_string:
  /* the result should always be varying type string */
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      src_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
    }

  error_status = db_string_make_empty_typed_string (result, src_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, src_cs, src_coll);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string1);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string2);

  return error_status;

exit:
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string1);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string2);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_shaone - sha1 encrypt function
 *   return: If success, return 0.
 *   src(in): source string
 *   result(out): the encrypted data.
 * Note:
 */
int
db_string_sha_one (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  char *result_strp = NULL;
  int result_len = 0;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src))
    {
      db_make_null (result);    /* SH1(NULL) returns NULL */
      return error_status;
    }
  else
    {
      DB_TYPE val_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);

      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (val_type))
    {
      error_status = crypt_sha_one (NULL, db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src), &result_strp, &result_len);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error;
        }

      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_CHAR, result, result_len, result_strp, result_len,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src), db_get_string_collation (src));
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }
    }

  return error_status;

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      return error_status;
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_shatwo - sha2 encrypt function
 *   return: If success, return 0.
 *   src(in): source string
 *   hash_len(in): the hash length
 *   result(out): the encrypted data.
 * Note:
 */
int
db_string_sha_two (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE const *hash_len, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
  DB_TYPE hash_len_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (hash_len);
  char *result_strp = NULL;
  int result_len = 0;
  int len = 0;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (hash_len != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src) || DB_IS_NULL (hash_len))
    {
      db_make_null (result);    /* sha2(NULL, ...) or sha2(..., NULL) returns NULL */
      return error_status;
    }

  switch (hash_len_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_SHORT:
      len = db_get_short (hash_len);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      len = db_get_int (hash_len);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      len = (int) db_get_bigint (hash_len);
      break;
    default:
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      error_status =
    crypt_sha_two (NULL, db_get_string (src), db_get_string_length (src), len, &result_strp, &result_len);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      /* It means that the hash_len is wrong. */
      if (result_strp == NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, result_len, result_strp, result_len, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                  db_get_string_collation (src));
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  return error_status;

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      return error_status;
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_aes_encrypt - aes encrypt function
 *   return: If success, return 0.
 *   src(in): source string
 *   key(in): the encrypt key
 *   result(out): the encrypted data.
 * Note:
 */
int
db_string_aes_encrypt (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE const *key, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
  DB_TYPE key_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (key);
  char *result_strp = NULL;
  int result_len = 0;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (key != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src) || DB_IS_NULL (key))
    {
      /* aes_encypt(NULL, ...) or aes_encypt(..., NULL) returns NULL */
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (key_type))
    {
      error_status =
    crypt_default_encrypt (NULL, db_get_string (src), db_get_string_length (src), db_get_string (key),
                   db_get_string_length (key), &result_strp, &result_len, AES_128_ECB);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, result_len, result_strp, result_len, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                  db_get_string_collation (src));
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  return error_status;

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      return error_status;
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_aes_decrypt - aes decrypt function
 *   return: If success, return 0.
 *   src(in): source string
 *   key(in): the encrypt key
 *   result(out): the decrypted data.
 * Note:
 */
int
db_string_aes_decrypt (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE const *key, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
  DB_TYPE key_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (key);
  char *result_strp = NULL;
  int result_len = 0;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (key != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src) || DB_IS_NULL (key))
    {
      /* aes_decypt(NULL, ...) or aes_decypt(..., NULL) returns NULL */
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (key_type))
    {
      error_status =
    crypt_default_decrypt (NULL, db_get_string (src), db_get_string_length (src), db_get_string (key),
                   db_get_string_length (key), &result_strp, &result_len, AES_128_ECB);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      if (result_strp == NULL)
    {
      /* it means the src isn't aes_encrypted string, we return NULL like mysql */
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, result_len, result_strp, result_len, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                  db_get_string_collation (src));
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  return error_status;

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      return error_status;
    }
}


/*
 * MD5('str')
 * Arguments
 *  val: string to compute the MD5 (message digest) for
 *  result: DB_VALUE to receive the computed MD5 from the val argument
 */
int
db_string_md5 (DB_VALUE const *val, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  assert (val != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (val))
    {
      db_make_null (result);    /* MD5(NULL) returns NULL */
      return error_status;
    }
  else
    {
      DB_TYPE val_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (val);

      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (val_type))
    {
      /* MD5 hash string buffer */
      char hashString[32 + 1] = { '\0' };

      DB_VALUE hash_string;

      db_make_null (&hash_string);

      error_status = crypt_md5_buffer_hex (db_get_string (val), db_get_string_length (val), hashString);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return error_status;
        }

      /* dump result as hex string */
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_CHAR, &hash_string, 32, hashString, 32, db_get_string_codeset (val),
                  db_get_string_collation (val));
      hash_string.need_clear = false;
      pr_clone_value (&hash_string, result);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_insert_substring - insert a substring into a string replacing
 *              "length" characters starting at "position"
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: string to insert into. Its value will not be
 *                         modified as the output is the "result" parameter
 *       position: starting position
 *         length: number of character to replace
 *         sub_string: string to be inserted
 *         result: string containing result.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <str_string> or <delim_string> is not a string type,
 *         <count> is not an integer type
 *  ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *     <str_string> or <delim_string> are not compatible
 *
 */

int
db_string_insert_substring (DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * position, const DB_VALUE * length,
                DB_VALUE * sub_string, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY src_categ, substr_categ;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR, position_i = 0, length_i = 0;
  DB_TYPE src_type, substr_type;
  DB_VALUE string1, string2;
  int src_length = 0;
  int result_size = 0;
  DB_VALUE empty_string1, empty_string2;
  DB_VALUE partial_result;
  INTL_CODESET src_cs, substr_cs;
  int src_coll, substr_coll;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (sub_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (position != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (length != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Initialize values
   */
  db_make_null (result);
  db_make_null (&string1);
  db_make_null (&string2);
  db_make_null (&empty_string1);
  db_make_null (&empty_string2);
  db_make_null (&partial_result);

  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  src_categ = qstr_get_category (src_string);
  substr_categ = qstr_get_category (sub_string);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  substr_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (sub_string);

  src_cs = DB_IS_NULL (src_string) ? LANG_SYS_CODESET : db_get_string_codeset (src_string);
  src_coll = DB_IS_NULL (src_string) ? LANG_SYS_COLLATION : db_get_string_collation (src_string);

  substr_cs = DB_IS_NULL (sub_string) ? LANG_SYS_CODESET : db_get_string_codeset (sub_string);
  substr_coll = DB_IS_NULL (sub_string) ? LANG_SYS_COLLATION : db_get_string_collation (sub_string);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true)
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (sub_string))
        {
          /* both strings are NULL (or empty): result is DB_TYPE_NULL */
          assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
          goto exit;
        }
      /* convert to empty string */
      src_string = &empty_string1;

      src_type = substr_type;
      src_categ = substr_categ;

      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (src_string, src_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, substr_cs,
                           substr_coll);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string)))
        {
          src_string->domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }

      if (DB_IS_NULL (sub_string))
    {
      /* convert to empty string */
      sub_string = &empty_string2;

      substr_type = src_type;
      substr_categ = src_categ;

      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (sub_string, substr_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, src_cs, src_coll);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (sub_string)))
        {
          sub_string->domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (sub_string))
    {
      /* result is DB_TYPE_NULL */
      assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (position) || DB_IS_NULL (length))
    {
      /* result is DB_TYPE_NULL */
      assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
      goto exit;
    }
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (src_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (substr_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
  if (src_categ != substr_categ)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  position_i = db_get_int (position);
  length_i = db_get_int (length);
  src_length = db_get_string_length (src_string);

  if (position_i <= 0 || position_i > src_length + 1)
    {
      /* return the source string */
      error_status = pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) src_string, result);
      result_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);
    }
  else
    {
      DB_DATA_STATUS data_status;

      /* result = string1 + substring + string2 */

      /* string1 = left(string,position) */

      if (position_i > 1)
    {
      DB_VALUE start_val, len_val;

      db_make_int (&start_val, 1);
      db_make_int (&len_val, position_i - 1);

      error_status = db_string_substring (SUBSTRING, src_string, &start_val, &len_val, &string1);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
    }

      if (DB_IS_NULL (&string1))    /* make dummy for concat */
    {
      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (&string1, src_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, src_cs, src_coll);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true && DB_IS_NULL (&string1)
          && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (&string1)))
        {
          /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
          string1.domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }

      /* string2 = susbtring(string,position+len) */

      /* get string2 if the conditions are fullfilled : 1. length_i >= 0 - compatibility with MySql (if len is
       * negative, no remainder is concatenated) 2. (position_i + length_i) <= src_length - check the start boundary
       * for substring */
      if ((length_i >= 0) && ((position_i + length_i) <= src_length))
    {
      DB_VALUE start_val, len_val;

      db_make_int (&start_val, position_i + length_i);
      db_make_int (&len_val, src_length - (position_i + length_i) + 1);

      error_status = db_string_substring (SUBSTRING, src_string, &start_val, &len_val, &string2);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
    }

      if (DB_IS_NULL (&string2))    /* make dummy for concat */
    {
      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (&string2, src_type, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, src_cs, src_coll);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true && DB_IS_NULL (&string2)
          && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (&string2)))
        {
          /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
          string2.domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
        }
    }

      /* partial_result = concat(string1,substring) */
      error_status = db_string_concatenate (&string1, sub_string, &partial_result, &data_status);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }
      if (data_status != DATA_STATUS_OK)
    {
      /* This should never happen as the partial_result is a VAR[N]CHAR */
      assert (false);
      error_status = ER_FAILED;
      goto exit;
    }

      /* result = concat(partial_result,string2) */
      error_status = db_string_concatenate (&partial_result, &string2, result, &data_status);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

      if (data_status != DATA_STATUS_OK)
    {
      /* This should never happen as the result is a VAR[N]CHAR */
      assert (false);
      error_status = ER_FAILED;
      goto exit;
    }

      result_size = db_get_string_size (result);
    }

  /* force type to variable string */
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      /* convert CHARACTER(N) to CHARACTER VARYING(N) */
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result,
                  TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, db_get_string (result), result_size, src_cs, src_coll);
    }
  else if (src_type == DB_TYPE_BIT)
    {
      /* convert BIT to BIT VARYING */
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARBIT, result, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, db_get_string (result), result_size,
                  src_cs, src_coll);
    }

  result->need_clear = true;

exit:
  pr_clear_value (&string1);
  pr_clear_value (&string2);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string1);
  pr_clear_value (&empty_string2);
  pr_clear_value (&partial_result);

  return error_status;
}

/*
    ELT(index, arg1, arg2, arg3, ...)

    Clones into result the argument with the index given by the first
    argument.

    Returns: NO_ERROR or an error code
*/
int
db_string_elt (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * arg[], int const num_args)
{
  DB_TYPE index_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (arg[0]);
  DB_BIGINT index = 0;

  if (num_args <= 0)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (arg[0]))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  switch (index_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      index = db_get_bigint (arg[0]);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      index = db_get_int (arg[0]);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      index = db_get_short (arg[0]);
      break;
    default:
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  if (index > 0 && index < num_args)
    {
      pr_clone_value (arg[index], result);
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * db_string_byte_length
 *
 * Arguments:
 *          string: (IN)  Input string of which the byte count is desired.
 *      byte_count: (OUT) The number of bytes in string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <string> is not a string type
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function returns the number of bytes in <string>.
 *
 *   If the NULL flag is set for <string>, then the NULL flag
 *   for the <byte_count> is set.
 *
 * Assert:
 *   1. string     != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. byte_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_string_byte_length (const DB_VALUE * string, DB_VALUE * byte_count)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (byte_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Verify that the input string is a valid character
   *  string.  Bit strings are not allowed.
   *
   *  If the input string is a NULL, then set
   *  the output null flag.
   *
   *  Otherwise, calculte the byte size.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string);
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (byte_count, DB_TYPE_INTEGER, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_int (byte_count, db_get_string_size (string));
    }

  return error_status;
}
#endif /* ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION */

/*
 * db_string_bit_length () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *          string: Inpute string of which the bit length is desired.
 *       bit_count: Bit count of string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <string> is not a string type
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function returns the number of bits in <string>.
 *
 *   If the NULL flag is set for <string>, then the NULL flag
 *   for the <bit_count> is set.
 *
 * Assert:
 *   1. string    != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. bit_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_string_bit_length (const DB_VALUE * string, DB_VALUE * bit_count)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (bit_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Verify that the input string is a valid character string.
   *  Bit strings are not allowed.
   *
   *  If the input string is a NULL, then set the output null flag.
   *
   *  If the input parameter is valid, then extract the byte length
   *  of the string.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string);
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (bit_count, DB_TYPE_INTEGER, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
  else
    {
      if (qstr_get_category (string) == QSTR_BIT)
    {
      db_make_int (bit_count, db_get_string_length (string));
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_int (bit_count, (db_get_string_size (string) * BYTE_SIZE));
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_char_length () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *          string: String for which the number of characters is desired.
 *      char_count: Number of characters in string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <string> is not a character string
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function returns the number of characters in <string>.
 *
 *   If the NULL flag is set for <string>, then the NULL flag
 *   for the <char_count> is set.
 *
 * Assert:
 *   1. string     != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. char_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_string_char_length (const DB_VALUE * string, DB_VALUE * char_count)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (char_count != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);


  /*
   *  Verify that the input string is a valid character
   *  string.  Bit strings are not allowed.
   *
   *  If the input string is a NULL, then set the output null flag.
   *
   *  If the input parameter is valid, then extract the character
   *  length of the string.
   */
  if (!is_char_string (string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (char_count, DB_TYPE_INTEGER, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_int (char_count, db_get_string_length (string));
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_lower () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            string: Input string that will be converted to lower case.
 *      lower_string: Output converted string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <string> is not a character string.
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function returns a string with all uppercase ASCII
 *   and LATIN alphabetic characters converted to lowercase.
 *
 *   If the NULL flag is set for <string>, then the NULL flag
 *   for the <lower_string> is set.
 *
 *   The <lower_string> value structure will be cloned from <string>.
 *   <lower_string> should be cleared with pr_clone_value() if it has
 *   already been initialized or db_make_null if it has not been
 *   previously used by the system.
 *
 * Assert:
 *
 *   1. string       != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. lower_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_string_lower (const DB_VALUE * string, DB_VALUE * lower_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (lower_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors.
   *    Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string);
  if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_make_null (lower_string);
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  /*
   *  If the input parameters have been properly validated, then
   *  we are ready to operate.
   */
  else
    {
      unsigned char *lower_str;
      int lower_size;
      int src_length;
      const ALPHABET_DATA *alphabet = lang_user_alphabet_w_coll (db_get_string_collation (string));

      src_length = db_get_string_length (string);
      lower_size = intl_lower_string_size (alphabet, DB_GET_UCHAR (string), db_get_string_size (string), src_length);

      lower_str = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, lower_size + 1);
      if (!lower_str)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }
      else
    {
      int lower_length = TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE;
      intl_lower_string (alphabet, DB_GET_UCHAR (string), lower_str, src_length);
      lower_str[lower_size] = 0;

      if (db_value_precision (string) != TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
        {
          intl_char_count (lower_str, lower_size, db_get_string_codeset (string), &lower_length);
        }
      qstr_make_typed_string (str_type, lower_string, lower_length, (char *) lower_str, lower_size,
                  db_get_string_codeset (string), db_get_string_collation (string));
      lower_string->need_clear = true;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_upper () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            string: Input string that will be converted to upper case.
 *      lower_string: Output converted string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     :
 *         <string> is not a character string.
 *
 * Note:
 *
 *   This function returns a string with all lowercase ASCII
 *   and LATIN alphabetic characters converted to uppercase.
 *
 *   If the NULL flag is set for <string>, then the NULL flag
 *   for the <upper_string> is set.
 *
 *   The <upper_string> value structure will be cloned from <string>.
 *   <upper_string> should be cleared with pr_clone_value() if it has
 *   already been initialized or db_make_null if it has not been
 *   previously used by the system.
 *
 * Assert:
 *
 *   1. string       != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. upper_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_string_upper (const DB_VALUE * string, DB_VALUE * upper_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (upper_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors.
   *    Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string);
  if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_make_null (upper_string);
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  /*
   *  If the input parameters have been properly validated, then
   *  we are ready to operate.
   */
  else
    {
      unsigned char *upper_str;
      int upper_size, src_length;
      const ALPHABET_DATA *alphabet = lang_user_alphabet_w_coll (db_get_string_collation (string));

      src_length = db_get_string_length (string);
      upper_size = intl_upper_string_size (alphabet, DB_GET_UCHAR (string), db_get_string_size (string), src_length);

      upper_str = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, upper_size + 1);
      if (!upper_str)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }
      else
    {
      int upper_length = TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE;
      intl_upper_string (alphabet, DB_GET_UCHAR (string), upper_str, src_length);

      upper_str[upper_size] = 0;
      if (db_value_precision (string) != TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
        {
          intl_char_count (upper_str, upper_size, db_get_string_codeset (string), &upper_length);
        }
      qstr_make_typed_string (str_type, upper_string, upper_length, (char *) upper_str, upper_size,
                  db_get_string_codeset (string), db_get_string_collation (string));
      upper_string->need_clear = true;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_trim () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        trim_operand: Specifies whether the character to be trimmed is
 *                      removed from the beginning, ending or both ends
 *                      of the string.
 *        trim_charset: (Optional) The characters to be removed.
 *          src_string: String to remove trim character from.
 *      trimmed_string: Resultant trimmed string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE     : <trim_char> or <src_string> are
 *                                     not character strings.
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_TRIM_OPERAND  : <trim_char> has char length > 1.
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS: <trim_char>, <src_string> and
 *                                     <trimmed_string> have different
 *                                     character code sets.
 *
 */

int
db_string_trim (const MISC_OPERAND tr_operand, const DB_VALUE * trim_charset, const DB_VALUE * src_string,
        DB_VALUE * trimmed_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int is_trim_charset_omitted = false;

  unsigned char *result;
  int result_length, result_size = 0, result_domain_length;

  const unsigned char *trim_charset_ptr = NULL;
  int trim_charset_length = 0;
  int trim_charset_size = 0;
  DB_TYPE src_type, trim_type;

  /*
   * Assert DB_VALUE structures have been allocated
   */

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (trimmed_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* if source is NULL, return NULL */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (trimmed_string, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (trim_charset == NULL)
    {
      is_trim_charset_omitted = true;
    }
  else
    {
      is_trim_charset_omitted = false;
      trim_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (trim_charset);

      if (DB_IS_NULL (trim_charset))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (trimmed_string, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
      return error_status;
    }
    }

  /*
   * Verify input parameters are all char strings and are compatible
   */

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || (!is_trim_charset_omitted && !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (trim_type)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (!is_trim_charset_omitted
      && (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (trim_charset)
      || db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (trim_charset)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  /*
   * begin of main codes
   */
  if (!is_trim_charset_omitted)
    {
      trim_charset_ptr = DB_GET_UCHAR (trim_charset);
      trim_charset_length = db_get_string_length (trim_charset);
      trim_charset_size = db_get_string_size (trim_charset);
    }

  error_status = qstr_trim (tr_operand, trim_charset_ptr, trim_charset_length, trim_charset_size,
                DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string),
                db_get_string_length (src_string), db_get_string_size (src_string),
                db_get_string_codeset (src_string), &result, &result_length, &result_size);

  if (error_status == NO_ERROR && result != NULL)
    {
      result_domain_length = MIN (DB_MAX_VARCHAR_PRECISION, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string));
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, trimmed_string, result_domain_length, (char *) result, result_size,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
      result[result_size] = 0;
      trimmed_string->need_clear = true;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_prefix_compare () - this function is similar with db_string_compare.
 *               but if one of 2 string arguments is char-type
 *               they are compared by the ignore-trailing-space rule.
 * Arguments:
 *                string1: Left side of compare.
 *                string2: Right side of compare
 *                result: Integer result of comparison.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *    ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE   :
 *        <string1> or <string2> are not character strings.
 *
 *    ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *        <string1> and <string2> have differing character code sets.
 *
 *    ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS
 *        <string1> and <string2> have incompatible collations.
 */
static int
db_string_prefix_compare (const DB_VALUE * string1, const DB_VALUE * string2, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY string1_category, string2_category;
  int cmp_result = 0;
  DB_TYPE str1_type, str2_type;

  bool ti = true;
  static bool ignore_trailing_space = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_IGNORE_TRAILING_SPACE);

  /* Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated. */
  assert (string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors. Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   * Verify that the input strings belong to compatible categories. */
  string1_category = qstr_get_category (string1);
  string2_category = qstr_get_category (string2);

  str1_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1);
  str2_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str1_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (str2_type))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  if (string1_category != string2_category)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    }

  /* A string which is NULL (not the same as a NULL string) is ordered less than a string which is not NULL.  Two
   * strings which are NULL are ordered equivalently. If both strings are not NULL, then the strings themselves are
   * compared. */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) && !DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = -1;
    }
  else if (!DB_IS_NULL (string1) && DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = 1;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) && DB_IS_NULL (string2))
    {
      cmp_result = 0;
    }
  else if (db_get_string_codeset (string1) != db_get_string_codeset (string2))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    }
  else
    {
      int coll_id;

      switch (string1_category)
    {
    case QSTR_CHAR:

      assert (db_get_string_codeset (string1) == db_get_string_codeset (string2));

      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (string1), db_get_string_collation (string2), coll_id);

      if (coll_id == -1)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS, 0);
          return ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
        }

      coll_id = db_get_string_collation (string1);
      assert (db_get_string_collation (string1) == db_get_string_collation (string2));

      if (!ignore_trailing_space)
        {
          ti = (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (str1_type) && QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (str2_type));
        }
      cmp_result = QSTR_COMPARE (coll_id, DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_size (string1),
                     DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_size (string2), ti);
      break;
    case QSTR_BIT:
      cmp_result = varbit_compare (DB_GET_UCHAR (string1), (int) db_get_string_size (string1),
                       DB_GET_UCHAR (string2), (int) db_get_string_size (string2));
      break;
    default:        /* QSTR_UNKNOWN */
      assert (false);
    }
    }

  if (cmp_result < 0)
    {
      cmp_result = -1;
    }
  else if (cmp_result > 0)
    {
      cmp_result = 1;
    }
  db_make_int (result, cmp_result);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/* qstr_trim () -
*/
static int
qstr_trim (MISC_OPERAND trim_operand, const unsigned char *trim_charset, int trim_charset_length, int trim_charset_size,
       const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset,
       unsigned char **result, int *result_length, int *result_size)
{
  unsigned char pad_char[2], *lead_trimmed_ptr, *trail_trimmed_ptr;
  int lead_trimmed_length, trail_trimmed_length;
  int lead_trimmed_size, trail_trimmed_size, pad_char_size = 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  bool trim_ascii_spaces = false;

  /* default case */
  intl_pad_char (codeset, pad_char, &pad_char_size);
  if (trim_charset_length == 0)
    {
      trim_charset = pad_char;
      trim_charset_length = 1;
      trim_charset_size = pad_char_size;
      trim_ascii_spaces = true;
    }

  /* trim from front */
  lead_trimmed_ptr = (unsigned char *) src_ptr;
  lead_trimmed_length = src_length;
  lead_trimmed_size = src_size;

  if (trim_operand == LEADING || trim_operand == BOTH)
    {
      trim_leading (trim_charset, trim_charset_size, src_ptr, src_type, src_length, src_size, codeset,
            &lead_trimmed_ptr, &lead_trimmed_length, &lead_trimmed_size, trim_ascii_spaces);
    }

  trail_trimmed_ptr = lead_trimmed_ptr;
  trail_trimmed_length = lead_trimmed_length;
  trail_trimmed_size = lead_trimmed_size;

  if (trim_operand == TRAILING || trim_operand == BOTH)
    {
      qstr_trim_trailing (trim_charset, trim_charset_size, lead_trimmed_ptr, src_type, lead_trimmed_length,
              lead_trimmed_size, codeset, &trail_trimmed_length, &trail_trimmed_size, trim_ascii_spaces);
    }

  /* setup result */
  *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) trail_trimmed_size + 1);
  if (*result == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
      return error_status;
    }

  (void) memcpy ((char *) (*result), (char *) trail_trimmed_ptr, trail_trimmed_size);
  (*result)[trail_trimmed_size] = '\0';

  *result_length = trail_trimmed_length;
  *result_size = trail_trimmed_size;

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * trim_leading () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *       trim_charset_ptr: (in)  Single character trim string.
 *      trim_charset_size: (in)  Size of trim string.
 *         src_string_ptr: (in)  Source string to be trimmed.
 *      src_string_length: (in)  Length of source string.
 *                codeset: (in)  International codeset of source string.
 *       lead_trimmed_ptr: (out) Pointer to start of trimmed string.
 *    lead_trimmed_length: (out) Length of trimmed string.
 *  trim_ascii_spaces: (in)  Option to trim normal spaces also.
 *
 * Returns: nothing
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Remove trim character from the front of the source string.  No
 *     characters are actually removed.  Instead, the function returns
 *     a pointer to the beginning of the source string after the trim
 *     characters and the resultant length of the string.
 *
 */
static void
trim_leading (const unsigned char *trim_charset_ptr, int trim_charset_size, const unsigned char *src_ptr,
          DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **lead_trimmed_ptr,
          int *lead_trimmed_length, int *lead_trimmed_size, bool trim_ascii_spaces)
{
  int cur_src_char_size, cur_trim_char_size;
  unsigned char *cur_src_char_ptr, *cur_trim_char_ptr;

  int cmp_flag = 0;

  *lead_trimmed_ptr = (unsigned char *) src_ptr;
  *lead_trimmed_length = src_length;
  *lead_trimmed_size = src_size;

  /* iterate for source string */
  for (cur_src_char_ptr = (unsigned char *) src_ptr; cur_src_char_ptr < src_ptr + src_size;)
    {
      if (trim_ascii_spaces && *cur_src_char_ptr == ' ')
    {
      cur_src_char_ptr += 1;
      *lead_trimmed_length -= 1;
      *lead_trimmed_size -= 1;
      *lead_trimmed_ptr += 1;
      continue;
    }
      for (cur_trim_char_ptr = (unsigned char *) trim_charset_ptr;
       cur_src_char_ptr < (src_ptr + src_size) && (cur_trim_char_ptr < trim_charset_ptr + trim_charset_size);)
    {
      intl_char_size (cur_src_char_ptr, 1, codeset, &cur_src_char_size);
      intl_char_size (cur_trim_char_ptr, 1, codeset, &cur_trim_char_size);

      if (cur_src_char_size != cur_trim_char_size)
        {
          return;
        }

      cmp_flag = memcmp ((char *) cur_src_char_ptr, (char *) cur_trim_char_ptr, cur_trim_char_size);
      if (cmp_flag != 0)
        {
          return;
        }

      cur_src_char_ptr += cur_src_char_size;
      cur_trim_char_ptr += cur_trim_char_size;
    }

      if (cur_trim_char_ptr >= trim_charset_ptr + trim_charset_size)
    {           /* all string matched */
      *lead_trimmed_length -= trim_charset_size;
      *lead_trimmed_size -= trim_charset_size;
      *lead_trimmed_ptr += trim_charset_size;
    }
    }
}

/*
 * qstr_trim_trailing () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *       trim_charset_ptr: (in)  Single character trim string.
 *      trim_charset_size: (in)  Size of trim string.
 *                src_ptr: (in)  Source string to be trimmed.
 *             src_length: (in)  Length of source string.
 *                codeset: (in)  International codeset of source string.
 *   trail_trimmed_length: (out) Length of trimmed string.
 *      trim_ascii_spaces: (in)  Option to trim normal spaces also.
 *
 * Returns: nothing
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Remove trim character from the end of the source string.  No
 *     characters are actually removed.  Instead, the function returns
 *     a pointer to the beginning of the source string after the trim
 *     characters and the resultant length of the string.
 *
 */
void
qstr_trim_trailing (const unsigned char *trim_charset_ptr, int trim_charset_size, const unsigned char *src_ptr,
            DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset, int *trail_trimmed_length,
            int *trail_trimmed_size, bool trim_ascii_spaces)
{
  int prev_src_char_size, prev_trim_char_size;
  const unsigned char *cur_src_char_ptr, *cur_trim_char_ptr;
  const unsigned char *prev_src_char_ptr, *prev_trim_char_ptr;
  int cmp_flag = 0;

  *trail_trimmed_length = src_length;
  *trail_trimmed_size = src_size;

  /* iterate for source string */
  for (cur_src_char_ptr = (unsigned char *) src_ptr + src_size; cur_src_char_ptr > src_ptr;)
    {
      if (trim_ascii_spaces && *(cur_src_char_ptr - 1) == ' ')
    {
      cur_src_char_ptr -= 1;
      *trail_trimmed_length -= 1;
      *trail_trimmed_size -= 1;
      continue;
    }
      for (cur_trim_char_ptr = (unsigned char *) trim_charset_ptr + trim_charset_size;
       cur_trim_char_ptr > trim_charset_ptr && cur_src_char_ptr > src_ptr;)
    {
      /* get previous letter */
      prev_src_char_ptr = intl_prev_char (cur_src_char_ptr, src_ptr, codeset, &prev_src_char_size);
      prev_trim_char_ptr = intl_prev_char (cur_trim_char_ptr, trim_charset_ptr, codeset, &prev_trim_char_size);

      if (prev_trim_char_size != prev_src_char_size)
        {
          return;
        }

      cmp_flag = memcmp ((char *) prev_src_char_ptr, (char *) prev_trim_char_ptr, prev_trim_char_size);
      if (cmp_flag != 0)
        {
          return;
        }

      cur_src_char_ptr -= prev_src_char_size;
      cur_trim_char_ptr -= prev_trim_char_size;
    }

      if (cur_trim_char_ptr <= trim_charset_ptr)
    {
      *trail_trimmed_length -= trim_charset_size;
      *trail_trimmed_size -= trim_charset_size;
    }
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_pad () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      pad_operand: (in)  Left or Right padding?
 *       src_string: (in)  Source string to be padded.
 *       pad_length: (in)  Length of padded string
 *      pad_charset: (in)  Padding char set
 *    padded_string: (out) Padded string
 *
 * Returns: nothing
 */
int
db_string_pad (const MISC_OPERAND pad_operand, const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * pad_length,
           const DB_VALUE * pad_charset, DB_VALUE * padded_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int total_length;

  unsigned char *result;
  int result_length = 0, result_size = 0;

  const unsigned char *pad_charset_ptr = NULL;
  int pad_charset_length = 0;
  int pad_charset_size = 0;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  bool is_pad_charset_omitted = false;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (padded_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  db_value_domain_init (padded_string, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  /* if source is NULL, return NULL */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (pad_charset == NULL)
    {
      is_pad_charset_omitted = true;
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (pad_charset))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (pad_length) || (total_length = db_get_int (pad_length)) <= 0)
    {
      /* error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER; */// why is this commented??
      return error_status;  // this is NO_ERROR
    }

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || (!is_pad_charset_omitted && !is_char_string (pad_charset)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (!is_pad_charset_omitted
      && (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (pad_charset)
      || db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (pad_charset)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (!is_pad_charset_omitted)
    {
      pad_charset_ptr = DB_GET_UCHAR (pad_charset);
      pad_charset_length = db_get_string_length (pad_charset);
      pad_charset_size = db_get_string_size (pad_charset);
    }

  error_status = qstr_pad (pad_operand, total_length, pad_charset_ptr, pad_charset_length, pad_charset_size,
               DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string),
               db_get_string_length (src_string), db_get_string_size (src_string),
               db_get_string_codeset (src_string), &result, &result_length, &result_size);

  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      assert (result == NULL);
      ASSERT_ERROR ();
      return error_status;
    }

  if (result == NULL)
    {
      // null result
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  // check length/size
  if (result_length > QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string)))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_PRECISION_OVERFLOW, 2, result_length,
          QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string)));
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result);
      return ER_PRECISION_OVERFLOW;
    }
  if ((UINT64) result_size > prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG, 2, result_size,
          (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result);
      return ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG;
    }
  qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, padded_string, result_length, (char *) result, result_size,
              db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
  result[result_size] = 0;
  padded_string->need_clear = true;
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * qstr_pad () -
 */
static int
qstr_pad (MISC_OPERAND pad_operand, int pad_length, const unsigned char *pad_charset_ptr, int pad_charset_length,
      int pad_charset_size, const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type, int src_length, int src_size,
      INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **result, int *result_length, int *result_size)
{
  unsigned char def_pad_char[2];
  unsigned char *cur_pad_char_ptr;
  int def_pad_char_size = 0;    /* default padding char */
  int truncate_size, pad_size, alloc_size, cnt;
  int length_to_be_padded;  /* length that will be really padded */
  int remain_length_to_be_padded;   /* remained length that will be padded */
  int pad_full_size = 0;
  int pad_reminder_size = 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  if (codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
    {
      def_pad_char[0] = ' ';
      def_pad_char_size = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      intl_pad_char (codeset, def_pad_char, &def_pad_char_size);
    }

  if (pad_charset_length == 0)
    {
      pad_charset_ptr = def_pad_char;
      pad_charset_length = 1;
      pad_charset_size = def_pad_char_size;
    }

  assert (pad_charset_length > 0);

  if (src_length >= pad_length)
    {
      alloc_size = src_size;
    }
  else
    {
      pad_full_size = ((pad_length - src_length) / pad_charset_length) * pad_charset_size;
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) pad_charset_ptr, (pad_length - src_length) % pad_charset_length, codeset,
              &pad_reminder_size);
      alloc_size = src_size + pad_full_size + pad_reminder_size;
    }

  *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) alloc_size + 1);
  if (*result == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
      return error_status;
    }

  /*
   * now start padding
   */

  /* if source length is greater than pad_length */
  if (src_length >= pad_length)
    {
      truncate_size = 0;    /* SIZE to be cut */
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) src_ptr, pad_length, codeset, &truncate_size);
      memcpy ((char *) (*result), (char *) src_ptr, truncate_size);

      *result_length = pad_length;
      *result_size = truncate_size;

      return error_status;
    }

  /*
   * Get real length to be paded
   * if source length is greater than pad_length
   */

  length_to_be_padded = pad_length - src_length;

  /* pad heading first */

  cnt = 0;          /* how many times copy pad_char_set */
  pad_size = 0;         /* SIZE of padded char */
  remain_length_to_be_padded = 0;

  for (; cnt < (length_to_be_padded / pad_charset_length); cnt++)
    {
      (void) memcpy ((char *) (*result) + pad_charset_size * cnt, (char *) pad_charset_ptr, pad_charset_size);
    }
  pad_size = pad_charset_size * cnt;
  remain_length_to_be_padded = (pad_length - src_length) % pad_charset_length;

  if (remain_length_to_be_padded != 0)
    {
      int remain_size_to_be_padded = 0;

      assert (remain_length_to_be_padded > 0);

      cur_pad_char_ptr = (unsigned char *) pad_charset_ptr;

      intl_char_size (cur_pad_char_ptr, remain_length_to_be_padded, codeset, &remain_size_to_be_padded);
      (void) memcpy ((char *) (*result) + pad_size, (char *) cur_pad_char_ptr, remain_size_to_be_padded);
      cur_pad_char_ptr += remain_size_to_be_padded;
      pad_size += remain_size_to_be_padded;
    }

  memcpy ((char *) (*result) + pad_size, src_ptr, src_size);

  if (pad_operand == TRAILING)
    {               /* switch source and padded string */
      memmove ((char *) (*result) + src_size, (char *) (*result), pad_size);
      memcpy ((char *) (*result), src_ptr, src_size);
    }

  pad_size += src_size;

  *result_length = pad_length;
  *result_size = pad_size;

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_like () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string:  (IN) Source string.
 *                pattern:  (IN) Pattern string which can contain % and _
 *                               characters.
 *               esc_char:  (IN) Optional escape character.
 *                 result: (OUT) Integer result.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern>, or <esc_char> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern>, and <esc_char> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE:
 *          An illegal pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_CHARACTER:
 *          If <esc_char> is not NULL and the length of E is > 1.
 *
 */
/* TODO ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_CHARACTER is not checked for, although it
        probably should be (the escape sequence string should contain a single
    character)
*/

int
db_string_like (const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * pattern, const DB_VALUE * esc_char, int *result)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY src_category = QSTR_UNKNOWN;
  QSTR_CATEGORY pattern_category = QSTR_UNKNOWN;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  DB_TYPE pattern_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  const char *src_char_string_p = NULL;
  const char *pattern_char_string_p = NULL;
  const char *esc_char_p = NULL;
  int src_length = 0, pattern_length = 0;
  int coll_id;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_string != NULL);
  assert (pattern != NULL);

  src_category = qstr_get_category (src_string);
  pattern_category = qstr_get_category (pattern);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  pattern_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (pattern);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (pattern_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      *result = V_ERROR;
      return error_status;
    }

  if (src_category != pattern_category || (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (pattern)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      *result = V_ERROR;
      return error_status;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      *result = V_UNKNOWN;
      return error_status;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (pattern))
    {
      *result = V_FALSE;
      return error_status;
    }

  LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src_string), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
  if (coll_id == -1)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      *result = V_ERROR;
      return error_status;
    }

  if (esc_char)
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (esc_char))
    {
      /* The implicit escape character ('\\') is used if (a LIKE b ESCAPE NULL) is given in the syntax */
      esc_char_p = "\\";
    }
      else
    {
      QSTR_CATEGORY esc_category = qstr_get_category (esc_char);
      DB_TYPE esc_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (esc_char);
      int esc_char_len, esc_char_size;

      if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (esc_type))
        {
          if (src_category == esc_category)
        {
          esc_char_p = db_get_string (esc_char);
          esc_char_size = db_get_string_size (esc_char);

          intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) esc_char_p, esc_char_size, db_get_string_codeset (esc_char),
                   &esc_char_len);

          assert (esc_char_p != NULL);
          if (esc_char_len != 1)
            {
              error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE;
              er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
              *result = V_ERROR;
              return error_status;
            }
        }
          else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          *result = V_ERROR;
          return error_status;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
          *result = V_ERROR;
          return error_status;
        }
    }
    }

  src_char_string_p = db_get_string (src_string);
  src_length = db_get_string_size (src_string);

  pattern_char_string_p = db_get_string (pattern);
  pattern_length = db_get_string_size (pattern);

  *result =
    qstr_eval_like (src_char_string_p, src_length, pattern_char_string_p, pattern_length,
            (esc_char ? esc_char_p : NULL), db_get_string_codeset (src_string), coll_id);

  if (*result == V_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, 0);
    }

  return ((*result == V_ERROR) ? ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE : error_status);
}

/*
 * db_string_rlike () - check for match between string and regex
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src:     (IN) Source string.
 *                pattern:     (IN) Regular expression.
 *     case_sensitive:     (IN) Perform case sensitive matching when 1
 *         comp_regex: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *       comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *                 result:    (OUT) Integer result.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE:
 *          An illegal pattern is specified.
 *
 */
int
db_string_rlike (const DB_VALUE * src, const DB_VALUE * pattern, const DB_VALUE * case_sensitive,
         cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex, int *result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  *result = V_FALSE;

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;

  {
    /* check for allocated DB values */
    assert (src != NULL);
    assert (pattern != NULL);
    assert (case_sensitive != NULL);

    /* check type */
    QSTR_CATEGORY src_category = qstr_get_category (src);
    QSTR_CATEGORY pattern_category = qstr_get_category (pattern);

    DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
    DB_TYPE pattern_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (pattern);
    DB_TYPE case_sens_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (case_sensitive);

    if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (pattern_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto cleanup;
      }

    if (DB_IS_NULL (src) || DB_IS_NULL (pattern))
      {
    goto cleanup;
      }

    if (DB_IS_NULL (case_sensitive) || case_sens_type != DB_TYPE_INTEGER)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto cleanup;
      }

    INTL_CODESET src_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src);
    INTL_CODESET pattern_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (pattern);

    /* check codeset compatible */
    if ((src_category != pattern_category) || (src_codeset != pattern_codeset))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    *result = V_ERROR;
    goto cleanup;
      }

    /* collation compatible check */
    int coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    *result = V_ERROR;
    goto cleanup;
      }

    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0)
      {
    goto cleanup;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* extract case sensitivity */
    std::string match_str = (case_sensitive->data.i != 0) ? "c" : "i";

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto cleanup;
      }

    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    error_status = cubregex::search (*result, *compiled_regex, src_string);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto cleanup;
      }
  }

cleanup:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      *result = V_UNKNOWN;
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? error_status = NO_ERROR : *result = V_ERROR;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_regexp_count ()  returns the number of times that regex pattern matched in a given string.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        result:       (IN) Result String
 *        args:         (IN) Array of Arguments
 *        num_args:     (IN) # of Arguments
 *        comp_regex:   (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *        comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          are incompatible collations.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_COMPILE_ERROR:
 *          An illegal regex pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_EXEC_ERROR:
 *          An regex pattern is too complex or insufficient memory while executing regex matching
 *
 *      ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER:
 *          Invalid parameter exists
 *
 */
int
db_string_regexp_count (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * args[], int const num_args, cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  db_make_int (result, 0);

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;

  {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_args; i++)
      {
    DB_VALUE *arg = args[i];
    /* check for allocated DB value */
    assert (arg != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

    /* if any argument is NULL, return NULL */
    if (DB_IS_NULL (arg))
      {
        db_make_null (result);
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    const DB_VALUE *pattern = args[1];
    const DB_VALUE *position = (num_args >= 3) ? args[2] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *match_type = (num_args == 4) ? args[3] : NULL;

    /* check type */
    if (!is_char_string (src) || !is_char_string (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (position && !is_integer (position))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (match_type && !is_char_string (match_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check codeset compatible */
    if (qstr_get_category (src) != qstr_get_category (pattern)
    || db_get_string_codeset (src) != db_get_string_codeset (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check collation compatible */
    int coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check position argument */
    int position_value = (position != NULL) ? db_get_int (position) - 1 : 0;
    if (position_value < 0)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* match_type argument check */
    std::string match_type_str;
    if (match_type)
      {
    match_type_str.assign (db_get_string (match_type), db_get_string_size (match_type));
      }

    /* check pattern string */
    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0 || position_value >= db_get_string_size (src))
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_type_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    /* perform regular expression according to the position and occurence value */
    int result_value = 0;
    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    error_status = cubregex::count (result_value, *compiled_regex, src_string, position_value);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    /* regex execution error */
    goto exit;
      }

    /* make result */
    db_make_int (result, result_value);
    goto exit;
  }

exit:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_int (result, 0);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? NO_ERROR : error_status;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_regexp_instr ()  returns an integer indicating the position of searched sub-string by regex pattern
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        result:       (IN) Result String
 *        args:         (IN) Array of Arguments
 *        num_args:     (IN) # of Arguments
 *        comp_regex:   (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *        comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          are incompatible collations.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_COMPILE_ERROR:
 *          An illegal regex pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_EXEC_ERROR:
 *          An regex pattern is too complex or insufficient memory while executing regex matching
 *
 *      ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER:
 *          Invalid parameter exists
 *
 */
int
db_string_regexp_instr (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * args[], int const num_args, cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  db_make_int (result, 0);

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;

  {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_args; i++)
      {
    DB_VALUE *arg = args[i];
    /* check for allocated DB value */
    assert (arg != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

    /* if any argument is NULL, return NULL */
    if (DB_IS_NULL (arg))
      {
        db_make_null (result);
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    const DB_VALUE *pattern = args[1];
    const DB_VALUE *position = (num_args >= 3) ? args[2] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *occurrence = (num_args >= 4) ? args[3] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *return_opt = (num_args >= 5) ? args[4] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *match_type = (num_args == 6) ? args[5] : NULL;

    /* check type */
    if (!is_char_string (src) || !is_char_string (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (position && !is_integer (position))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (occurrence && !is_integer (occurrence))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (return_opt && !is_integer (return_opt))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (match_type && !is_char_string (match_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check codeset compatible */
    if (qstr_get_category (src) != qstr_get_category (pattern)
    || db_get_string_codeset (src) != db_get_string_codeset (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check collation compatible */
    int coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check position argument */
    int position_value = (position != NULL) ? db_get_int (position) - 1 : 0;
    if (position_value < 0)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check occurrence argument */
    int occurrence_value = (occurrence != NULL) ? db_get_int (occurrence) : 1;
    if (occurrence_value < 1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check return_opt argument */
    int return_opt_value = (return_opt != NULL) ? db_get_int (return_opt) : 0;
    if (return_opt_value != 0 && return_opt_value != 1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* match_type argument check */
    std::string match_type_str;
    if (match_type)
      {
    match_type_str.assign (db_get_string (match_type), db_get_string_size (match_type));
      }

    /* check pattern string */
    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0 || position_value >= db_get_string_size (src))
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_type_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    /* perform regular expression according to the position and occurence value */
    int result_value = 0;
    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    error_status = cubregex::instr (result_value, *compiled_regex, src_string, position_value,
                    occurrence_value, return_opt_value);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    /* regex execution error */
    goto exit;
      }

    /* make result */
    db_make_int (result, result_value);
    goto exit;
  }

exit:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      db_make_null (result);
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_int (result, 0);
      error_status = (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? NO_ERROR : error_status;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_regexp_like ()  checks for match between string and regex
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        result:       (IN) Result String
 *        args:         (IN) Array of Arguments
 *        num_args:     (IN) # of Arguments
 *        comp_regex:   (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *        comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          are incompatible collations.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_COMPILE_ERROR:
 *          An illegal regex pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_EXEC_ERROR:
 *          An regex pattern is too complex or insufficient memory while executing regex matching
 *
 *      ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER:
 *          Invalid parameter exists
 *
 */
int
db_string_regexp_like (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * args[], int const num_args, cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  db_make_null (result);

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_args; i++)
      {
    DB_VALUE *arg = args[i];
    /* check for allocated DB value */
    assert (arg != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

    /* if any argument is NULL, return NULL */
    if (DB_IS_NULL (arg))
      {
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    const DB_VALUE *pattern = args[1];
    const DB_VALUE *match_type = (num_args == 3) ? args[2] : NULL;

    /* check type */
    if (!is_char_string (src) || !is_char_string (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (match_type && !is_char_string (match_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check codeset compatible */
    if (qstr_get_category (src) != qstr_get_category (pattern)
    || db_get_string_codeset (src) != db_get_string_codeset (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check collation compatible */
    int coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* match_type argument check */
    std::string match_type_str;
    if (match_type)
      {
    match_type_str.assign (db_get_string (match_type), db_get_string_size (match_type));
      }

    /* check pattern string */
    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0)
      {
    db_make_int (result, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_type_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    /* perform regular expression according to the position and occurence value */
    int result_value = 0;
    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    error_status = cubregex::search (result_value, *compiled_regex, src_string);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    /* regex execution error */
    goto exit;
      }

    /* make result */
    db_make_int (result, result_value);
    goto exit;
  }

exit:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_int (result, 0);
      error_status = (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? NO_ERROR : error_status;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_regexp_replace ()  returns replaced string by regex pattern
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        result:       (IN) Result String
 *        args:         (IN) Array of Arguments
 *        num_args:     (IN) # of Arguments
 *        comp_regex:   (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *        comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS:
 *          <src>, <pattern>, <replace> (if it's not NULL)
 *          are incompatible collations.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_COMPILE_ERROR:
 *          An illegal regex pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_EXEC_ERROR:
 *          An regex pattern is too complex or insufficient memory while executing regex matching
 *
 *      ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER:
 *          Invalid parameter exists
 *
 */
int
db_string_regexp_replace (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * args[], int const num_args, cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  db_make_null (result);

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;

  {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_args; i++)
      {
    DB_VALUE *arg = args[i];
    /* check for allocated DB value */
    assert (arg != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

    /* if any argument is NULL, return NULL */
    if (DB_IS_NULL (arg))
      {
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    const DB_VALUE *pattern = args[1];
    const DB_VALUE *replace = args[2];
    const DB_VALUE *position = (num_args >= 4) ? args[3] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *occurrence = (num_args >= 5) ? args[4] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *match_type = (num_args == 6) ? args[5] : NULL;

    /* check type */
    if (!is_char_string (src) || !is_char_string (pattern) || !is_char_string (replace))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (position && !is_integer (position))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (occurrence && !is_integer (occurrence))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (match_type && !is_char_string (match_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check codeset compatible */
    QSTR_CATEGORY category = qstr_get_category (src);
    INTL_CODESET codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src);

    if (category != qstr_get_category (pattern) || codeset != db_get_string_codeset (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (category != qstr_get_category (replace) || codeset != db_get_string_codeset (replace))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check collation compatible */
    int coll_id_tmp = -1, coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id_tmp);
    if (coll_id_tmp == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (coll_id_tmp, db_get_string_collation (replace), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check position argument */
    int position_value = (position != NULL) ? db_get_int (position) - 1 : 0;
    if (position_value < 0)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check occurrence argument */
    int occurrence_value = (occurrence != NULL) ? db_get_int (occurrence) : 0;
    if (occurrence_value < 0)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* match_type argument check */
    std::string match_type_str;
    if (match_type)
      {
    match_type_str.assign (db_get_string (match_type), db_get_string_size (match_type));
      }

    /* check pattern string */
    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0 || position_value >= db_get_string_size (src))
      {
    goto exit_copy;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_type_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    /* perform regular expression according to the position and occurence value */
    std::string result_string;
    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    std::string repl_string (db_get_string (replace), db_get_string_size (replace));
    error_status = cubregex::replace (result_string, *compiled_regex, src_string, repl_string, position_value,
                      occurrence_value);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    /* regex execution error */
    if (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET)
      {
        goto exit_copy;
      }
    else
      {
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    /* make result */
    int result_char_size = result_string.size ();
    char *result_char_string = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, result_char_size + 1);
    if (result_char_string == NULL)
      {
    /* out of memory */
    error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }
    memcpy (result_char_string, result_string.c_str (), result_char_size);
    result_char_string[result_char_size] = '\0';

    qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result,
                result_char_size, result_char_string, result_char_size,
                db_get_string_codeset (src), coll_id);
    result->need_clear = true;
    goto exit;
  }

exit_copy:
  {
    /* clear error status */
    error_status = NO_ERROR;

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    pr_clone_value ((DB_VALUE *) src, result);
    DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
    if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
      {
    /* convert CHARACTER(N) to CHARACTER VARYING(N) */
    qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result,
                DB_VALUE_PRECISION (result), db_get_string (result), db_get_string_size (result),
                db_get_string_codeset (src), db_get_string_collation (src));
      }
    result->need_clear = true;
  }

exit:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? NO_ERROR : error_status;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_regexp_substr ()  returns searched sub-string by regex pattern
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        result:       (IN) Result String
 *        args:         (IN) Array of Arguments
 *        num_args:     (IN) # of Arguments
 *        comp_regex:   (IN/OUT) Compiled regex object
 *        comp_pattern: (IN/OUT) Compiled regex pattern
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *          <src>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          is not a character string.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          have different character code sets.
 *
 *      ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS:
 *          <src_string>, <pattern> (if it's not NULL)
 *          are incompatible collations.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_COMPILE_ERROR:
 *          An illegal regex pattern is specified.
 *
 *      ER_REGEX_EXEC_ERROR:
 *          An regex pattern is too complex or insufficient memory while executing regex matching
 *
 *      ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER:
 *          Invalid parameter exists
 *
 */
int
db_string_regexp_substr (DB_VALUE * result, DB_VALUE * args[], int const num_args, cub_compiled_regex ** comp_regex)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  db_make_null (result);

  cub_compiled_regex *compiled_regex = (comp_regex != NULL) ? *comp_regex : nullptr;

  {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_args; i++)
      {
    DB_VALUE *arg = args[i];
    /* check for allocated DB value */
    assert (arg != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

    /* if any argument is NULL, return NULL */
    if (DB_IS_NULL (arg))
      {
        goto exit;
      }
      }

    const DB_VALUE *src = args[0];
    const DB_VALUE *pattern = args[1];
    const DB_VALUE *position = (num_args >= 3) ? args[2] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *occurrence = (num_args >= 4) ? args[3] : NULL;
    const DB_VALUE *match_type = (num_args == 5) ? args[4] : NULL;

    /* check type */
    if (!is_char_string (src) || !is_char_string (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (position && !is_integer (position))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (occurrence && !is_integer (occurrence))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    if (match_type && !is_char_string (match_type))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check codeset compatible */
    if (qstr_get_category (src) != qstr_get_category (pattern)
    || db_get_string_codeset (src) != db_get_string_codeset (pattern))
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check collation compatible */
    int coll_id = -1;
    LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src), db_get_string_collation (pattern), coll_id);
    if (coll_id == -1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check position argument */
    int position_value = (position != NULL) ? db_get_int (position) - 1 : 0;
    if (position_value < 0)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* check occurrence argument */
    int occurrence_value = (occurrence != NULL) ? db_get_int (occurrence) : 1;
    if (occurrence_value < 1)
      {
    error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    goto exit;
      }

    /* match_type argument check */
    std::string match_type_str;
    if (match_type)
      {
    match_type_str.assign (db_get_string (match_type), db_get_string_size (match_type));
      }

    /* check pattern string */
    if (db_get_string_size (pattern) == 0 || position_value >= db_get_string_size (src))
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    LANG_COLLATION *collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
    assert (collation != NULL);

    /* compile pattern if needed */
    std::string pattern_string (db_get_string (pattern), db_get_string_size (pattern));
    error_status = cubregex::compile (compiled_regex, pattern_string, match_type_str, collation);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    goto exit;
      }

    /* perform regular expression according to the position and occurence value */
    std::string result_string;
    bool is_matched = false;
    std::string src_string (db_get_string (src), db_get_string_size (src));
    error_status = cubregex::substr (result_string, is_matched, *compiled_regex, src_string, position_value,
                     occurrence_value);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
    /* regex execution error */
    goto exit;
      }

    if (is_matched)
      {
    /* make result */
    int result_char_size = result_string.size ();
    char *result_char_string = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, result_char_size + 1);
    if (result_char_string == NULL)
      {
        /* out of memory */
        error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
      }
    memcpy (result_char_string, result_string.c_str (), result_char_size);
    result_char_string[result_char_size] = '\0';

    qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR,
                result, result_char_size, result_char_string, result_char_size,
                db_get_string_codeset (src), coll_id);
    result->need_clear = true;
      }
  }

exit:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* we must not return an error code */
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = (error_status == ER_QSTR_BAD_SRC_CODESET) ? NO_ERROR : error_status;
    }
    }

  if (comp_regex == NULL)
    {
      /* free memory if this function is invoked in constant folding */
      delete compiled_regex;
      compiled_regex = NULL;
    }
  else
    {
      *comp_regex = compiled_regex;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_limit_size_string () - limits the size of a string. It limits
 *                  the size of value, but in case of fixed
 *                  length values, it limits also the domain
 *                  precision.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *              src: (IN)  String variable.
 *       result: (OUT) Variable with new size
 *     new_size: (IN)  New size for the string (in bytes).
 *  spare_bytes: (OUT) the number of bytes that could fit from last
 *            truncated character
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *  ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *        <src_string> is not CHAR, VARCHAR, BIT or VARBIT
 *
 * Note : result variable must already be created
 *    operates directly on memory buffer
 *    if the new size is greater than the source, it clones the input
 *    The truncation of domain size in case of fixed domain argument
 *    is needed in context of GROUP_CONCAT, when the result needs to be
 *    truncated.
 *    The full-char adjusting code in this function is specific to
 *    GROUP_CONCAT.
 */
int
db_string_limit_size_string (DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * result, const int new_size, int *spare_bytes)
{
  int result_size = 0, src_size = 0, src_domain_precision = 0;
  unsigned char *r;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int char_count = 0, adj_char_size = 0;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (new_size >= 0);
  assert (spare_bytes != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (src_type))
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  src_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);
  src_domain_precision = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string);

  if (new_size < 0)
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  *spare_bytes = 0;

  if (src_size <= 0 || new_size >= src_size)
    {
      assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
      goto exit_copy;
    }

  result_size = new_size;

  /* Adjust size to a full character. */
  if (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string) == DB_TYPE_VARBIT || DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string) == DB_TYPE_BIT)
    {
      char_count = result_size;
      adj_char_size = result_size;
    }
  else
    {
      intl_char_count (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), result_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string), &char_count);
      intl_char_size (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), char_count, db_get_string_codeset (src_string), &adj_char_size);
    }

  assert (adj_char_size <= result_size);

  /* Allocate storage for the result string */
  r = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) result_size + 1);
  if (r == NULL)
    {
      goto mem_error;
    }
  memset (r, 0, (size_t) result_size + 1);

  if (adj_char_size > 0)
    {
      memcpy (r, db_get_string (src_string), adj_char_size);
    }
  /* adjust also domain precision in case of fixed length types */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (src_type))
    {
      src_domain_precision = MIN (src_domain_precision, char_count);
    }
  qstr_make_typed_string (src_type, result, src_domain_precision, (char *) r, adj_char_size,
              db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
  result->need_clear = true;

  *spare_bytes = result_size - adj_char_size;

  assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
  return error_status;

mem_error:
  assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
  error_status = er_errid ();
  return error_status;

exit_copy:
  assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
  error_status = pr_clone_value (src_string, result);
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_fix_string_size () - fixes the size of a string according to its
 *                content (NULL terminator)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            src: (IN/OUT)  String variable.
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *  ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *        <src_string> is not CHAR, VARCHAR
 *
 * Note : Used in context of GROUP_CONCAT. It is complementary to
 *    'db_string_limit_size_string' function
 */
int
db_string_fix_string_size (DB_VALUE * src_string)
{
  int val_size = 0;
  int string_size = 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  bool save_need_clear;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  val_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);
  /* this is a system generated string; it must have the null terminator */
  string_size = strlen (db_get_string (src_string));
  assert (val_size >= string_size);

  save_need_clear = src_string->need_clear;
  qstr_make_typed_string (src_type, src_string, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string), db_get_string (src_string),
              string_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
  src_string->need_clear = save_need_clear;

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_eval_like () -
 */
/* TODO this function should be modified to not rely on the special value 1
        in the situation of no escape character. With the current
    implementation it will incorrectly process strings containing
    character 1.
*/
static int
qstr_eval_like (const char *tar, int tar_length, const char *expr, int expr_length, const char *escape,
        INTL_CODESET codeset, int coll_id)
{
  const int IN_CHECK = 0;
  const int IN_PERCENT = 1;

  int status = IN_CHECK;
  const unsigned char *tarstack[STACK_SIZE], *exprstack[STACK_SIZE];
  int stackp = -1;

  const unsigned char *tar_ptr, *end_tar;
  const unsigned char *expr_ptr, *end_expr;
  bool escape_is_match_one = ((escape != NULL) && *escape == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE);
  bool escape_is_match_many = ((escape != NULL) && *escape == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY);
  unsigned char pad_char[2];


  LANG_COLLATION *current_collation;

  int pad_char_size;

  current_collation = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
  intl_pad_char (codeset, pad_char, &pad_char_size);

  tar_ptr = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, tar);
  expr_ptr = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, expr);
  end_tar = tar_ptr + tar_length;
  end_expr = expr_ptr + expr_length;

  while (1)
    {
      int dummy = 1;

      if (status == IN_CHECK)
    {
      bool go_back = true;
      if (expr_ptr == end_expr)
        {
          go_back = false;

          if (codeset != INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
        {
          while (tar_ptr < end_tar && *tar_ptr == ' ')
            {
              tar_ptr++;
            }
        }
          else
        {
          while (tar_ptr < end_tar)
            {
              /* EUC-KR : both ASCII space and EUC-KR padding char are ignored */
              if (*tar_ptr == ' ')
            {
              tar_ptr++;
            }
              else if (tar_ptr + pad_char_size <= end_tar && memcmp (tar_ptr, pad_char, pad_char_size) == 0)
            {
              tar_ptr += pad_char_size;
            }
              else
            {
              break;
            }
            }
        }

          if (tar_ptr == end_tar)
        {
          return V_TRUE;
        }
          else
        {
          if (stackp >= 0 && stackp < STACK_SIZE)
            {
              tar_ptr = tarstack[stackp];
              INTL_NEXT_CHAR (tar_ptr, tar_ptr, codeset, &dummy);
              expr_ptr = exprstack[stackp--];
            }
          else
            {
              return V_FALSE;
            }
        }
        }
      else if (!escape_is_match_many && expr_ptr < end_expr && *expr_ptr == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
        {
          go_back = false;
          status = IN_PERCENT;
          while ((expr_ptr + 1 < end_expr) && *(expr_ptr + 1) == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
        {
          expr_ptr++;
        }
        }
      else if (tar_ptr < end_tar && expr_ptr < end_expr)
        {
          if (!escape_is_match_one && *expr_ptr == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE)
        {
          INTL_NEXT_CHAR (tar_ptr, tar_ptr, codeset, &dummy);
          expr_ptr++;
          go_back = false;
        }
          else
        {
          const unsigned char *expr_seq_end = expr_ptr;
          int cmp;
          int tar_matched_size;
          unsigned char *match_escape = NULL;
          bool inescape = false;
          bool has_last_escape = false;

          /* build sequence to check (until wildcard) */
          do
            {
              if (!inescape
              && (((!escape_is_match_many && *expr_seq_end == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
                   || (!escape_is_match_one && *expr_seq_end == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE))))
            {
              break;
            }

              /* set escape for match: if remains NULL, we don't check for escape in matching function */
              if (!inescape && escape != NULL
              && intl_cmp_char (expr_seq_end, (unsigned char *) escape, codeset, &dummy) == 0)
            {
              /* last escape character is not considered escape, but normal character */
              if (expr_seq_end + 1 >= end_expr)
                {
                  has_last_escape = true;
                  inescape = false;
                }
              else
                {
                  inescape = true;
                  match_escape = (unsigned char *) escape;
                }
            }
              else
            {
              inescape = false;
            }
              INTL_NEXT_CHAR (expr_seq_end, expr_seq_end, codeset, &dummy);
            }
          while (expr_seq_end < end_expr);

          assert (end_tar - tar_ptr > 0);
          assert (expr_seq_end - expr_ptr > 0);

          /* match using collation */
          cmp =
            current_collation->strmatch (current_collation, true, tar_ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (end_tar - tar_ptr),
                         expr_ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (expr_seq_end - expr_ptr), match_escape,
                         has_last_escape, &tar_matched_size, false);

          if (cmp == 0)
            {
              tar_ptr += tar_matched_size;
              expr_ptr = expr_seq_end;
              go_back = false;
            }

          assert (tar_ptr <= end_tar);
          assert (expr_ptr <= end_expr);
        }
        }

      if (go_back)
        {
          if (stackp >= 0 && stackp < STACK_SIZE)
        {
          tar_ptr = tarstack[stackp];
          INTL_NEXT_CHAR (tar_ptr, tar_ptr, codeset, &dummy);
          expr_ptr = exprstack[stackp--];
        }
          else if (stackp > STACK_SIZE)
        {
          return V_ERROR;
        }
          else
        {
          return V_FALSE;
        }
        }
    }
      else
    {
      const unsigned char *next_expr_ptr;
      INTL_NEXT_CHAR (next_expr_ptr, expr_ptr, codeset, &dummy);

      assert (status == IN_PERCENT);
      if ((next_expr_ptr < end_expr) && (!escape_is_match_one || escape == NULL)
          && *next_expr_ptr == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE)
        {
          if (stackp >= STACK_SIZE - 1)
        {
          return V_ERROR;
        }
          tarstack[++stackp] = tar_ptr;
          exprstack[stackp] = expr_ptr;
          expr_ptr = next_expr_ptr;
          INTL_NEXT_CHAR (next_expr_ptr, expr_ptr, codeset, &dummy);

          if (stackp > STACK_SIZE)
        {
          return V_ERROR;
        }
          status = IN_CHECK;
          continue;
        }

      if (next_expr_ptr == end_expr)
        {
          return V_TRUE;
        }

      if (tar_ptr < end_tar && next_expr_ptr < end_expr)
        {
          const unsigned char *expr_seq_end = next_expr_ptr;
          int cmp;
          int tar_matched_size;
          unsigned char *match_escape = NULL;
          bool inescape = false;
          bool has_last_escape = false;

          /* build sequence to check (until wildcard) */
          do
        {
          if (!inescape
              && (((!escape_is_match_many && *expr_seq_end == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
               || (!escape_is_match_one && *expr_seq_end == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE))))
            {
              break;
            }

          /* set escape for match: if remains NULL, we don't check for escape in matching function */
          if (!inescape && escape != NULL
              && intl_cmp_char (expr_seq_end, (unsigned char *) escape, codeset, &dummy) == 0)
            {
              /* last escape character is not considered escape, but normal character */
              if (expr_seq_end + 1 >= end_expr)
            {
              has_last_escape = true;
              inescape = false;
            }
              else
            {
              inescape = true;
              match_escape = (unsigned char *) escape;
            }
            }
          else
            {
              inescape = false;
            }

          INTL_NEXT_CHAR (expr_seq_end, expr_seq_end, codeset, &dummy);
        }
          while (expr_seq_end < end_expr);

          assert (end_tar - tar_ptr > 0);
          assert (expr_seq_end - next_expr_ptr > 0);

          do
        {
          /* match using collation */
          cmp =
            current_collation->strmatch (current_collation, true, tar_ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (end_tar - tar_ptr),
                         next_expr_ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (expr_seq_end - next_expr_ptr),
                         match_escape, has_last_escape, &tar_matched_size, false);
          if (cmp == 0)
            {
              if (stackp >= STACK_SIZE - 1)
            {
              return V_ERROR;
            }
              tarstack[++stackp] = tar_ptr;
              tar_ptr += tar_matched_size;

              exprstack[stackp] = expr_ptr;
              expr_ptr = expr_seq_end;

              if (stackp > STACK_SIZE)
            {
              return V_ERROR;
            }
              status = IN_CHECK;
              break;
            }
          else
            {
              /* check starting from next char */
              INTL_NEXT_CHAR (tar_ptr, tar_ptr, codeset, &dummy);
            }
        }
          while (tar_ptr < end_tar);
        }
    }

      if (tar_ptr == end_tar)
    {
      while (expr_ptr < end_expr && *expr_ptr == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
        {
          expr_ptr++;
        }

      if (expr_ptr == end_expr)
        {
          return V_TRUE;
        }
      else
        {
          return V_FALSE;
        }
    }
      else if (tar_ptr > end_tar)
    {
      return V_FALSE;
    }
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_replace () -
 */
int
db_string_replace (const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * srch_string, const DB_VALUE * repl_string,
           DB_VALUE * replaced_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  unsigned char *result_ptr = NULL;
  int result_length = 0, result_size = 0;
  int coll_id, coll_id_tmp;
  DB_VALUE dummy_string;
  int is_repl_string_omitted = false;
  const unsigned char *repl_string_ptr = NULL;
  int repl_string_size = 0;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (replaced_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  db_make_null (&dummy_string);

  if (repl_string == NULL)
    {
      is_repl_string_omitted = true;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (srch_string) || (!is_repl_string_omitted && DB_IS_NULL (repl_string)))
    {
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true && !DB_IS_NULL (src_string)
      && is_char_string (src_string))
    /* srch_string or repl_string is null */
    {
      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (&dummy_string, DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string),
                           TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                           db_get_string_collation (src_string));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (DB_IS_NULL (srch_string))
        {
          srch_string = &dummy_string;
        }
      if (!is_repl_string_omitted && DB_IS_NULL (repl_string))
        {
          repl_string = &dummy_string;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      error_status =
        db_value_domain_init (replaced_string, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

      goto exit;
    }
    }

  if (!is_char_string (srch_string) || (!is_repl_string_omitted && !is_char_string (repl_string))
      || !is_char_string (src_string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if ((qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (srch_string))
      || (!is_repl_string_omitted && (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (repl_string)))
      || (!is_repl_string_omitted && (qstr_get_category (srch_string) != qstr_get_category (repl_string)))
      || ((db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (srch_string)))
      || (!is_repl_string_omitted && (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (repl_string))))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (src_string), db_get_string_collation (srch_string), coll_id_tmp);
  if (coll_id_tmp == -1)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (!is_repl_string_omitted)
    {
      LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (coll_id_tmp, db_get_string_collation (repl_string), coll_id);
      if (coll_id == -1)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      coll_id = coll_id_tmp;
    }

  if (!is_repl_string_omitted)
    {
      repl_string_ptr = DB_GET_UCHAR (repl_string);
      repl_string_size = db_get_string_size (repl_string);
    }
  error_status = qstr_replace (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), db_get_string_length (src_string),
                   db_get_string_size (src_string), db_get_string_codeset (src_string), coll_id,
                   DB_GET_UCHAR (srch_string), db_get_string_size (srch_string), repl_string_ptr,
                   repl_string_size, &result_ptr, &result_length, &result_size);

  if (error_status == NO_ERROR && result_ptr != NULL)
    {
      if (result_length == 0)
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, replaced_string,
                  (db_get_string_length (src_string) == 0) ? 1 : db_get_string_length (src_string),
                  (char *) result_ptr, result_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string), coll_id);
    }
      else
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, replaced_string, result_length, (char *) result_ptr, result_size,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src_string), coll_id);
    }
      result_ptr[result_size] = 0;
      replaced_string->need_clear = true;
    }

exit:
  pr_clear_value (&dummy_string);

  return error_status;
}

/* qstr_replace () -
 */
static int
qstr_replace (const unsigned char *src_buf, int src_len, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset, int coll_id,
          const unsigned char *srch_str_buf, int srch_str_size, const unsigned char *repl_str_buf,
          int repl_str_size, unsigned char **result_buf, int *result_len, int *result_size)
{
#define REPL_POS_ARRAY_EXTENT 32

  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int char_size, i;
  const unsigned char *matched_ptr, *matched_ptr_end;
  unsigned char *target;
  int *repl_pos_array = NULL;
  int repl_pos_array_size;
  int repl_pos_array_cnt;
  const unsigned char *src_ptr;
  int repl_str_len;

  assert (result_buf != NULL);

  *result_buf = NULL;

  /*
   * if search string is NULL or is longer than source string
   * copy source string as a result
   */
  if (srch_str_buf == NULL || src_size < srch_str_size)
    {
      *result_buf = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) src_size + 1);
      if (*result_buf == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, (size_t) src_size);
      goto exit;
    }

      (void) memcpy ((char *) (*result_buf), (char *) src_buf, src_size);
      *result_len = src_len;
      *result_size = src_size;
      goto exit;
    }

  if (repl_str_buf == NULL)
    {
      repl_str_buf = (unsigned char *) "";
    }

  repl_pos_array_size = REPL_POS_ARRAY_EXTENT;
  repl_pos_array = (int *) db_private_alloc (NULL, 2 * sizeof (int) * repl_pos_array_size);
  if (repl_pos_array == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, 2 * sizeof (int) * repl_pos_array_size);
      goto exit;
    }

  intl_char_count (repl_str_buf, repl_str_size, codeset, &repl_str_len);

  repl_pos_array_cnt = 0;
  for (*result_size = 0, *result_len = 0, src_ptr = src_buf;
       src_size > 0 && srch_str_size > 0 && src_ptr < src_buf + src_size;)
    {
      int matched_size;

      if (QSTR_MATCH (coll_id, src_ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (src_buf - src_ptr) + src_size, srch_str_buf, srch_str_size, NULL,
              false, &matched_size) == 0)
    {
      /* store byte position and size of matched string */
      if (repl_pos_array_cnt >= repl_pos_array_size)
        {
          repl_pos_array_size += REPL_POS_ARRAY_EXTENT;
          repl_pos_array =
        (int *) db_private_realloc (NULL, repl_pos_array, 2 * sizeof (int) * repl_pos_array_size);
          if (repl_pos_array == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, 2 * sizeof (int) * repl_pos_array_size);
          goto exit;
        }
        }
      repl_pos_array[repl_pos_array_cnt * 2] = CAST_BUFLEN (src_ptr - src_buf);
      repl_pos_array[repl_pos_array_cnt * 2 + 1] = matched_size;
      src_ptr += matched_size;
      repl_pos_array_cnt++;
      *result_size += repl_str_size;
      *result_len += repl_str_len;
    }
      else
    {
      INTL_NEXT_CHAR (src_ptr, src_ptr, codeset, &char_size);
      *result_size += char_size;
      *result_len += 1;
    }
    }

  if (repl_pos_array_cnt == 0)
    {
      *result_size = src_size;
    }

  *result_buf = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) (*result_size) + 1);
  if (*result_buf == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, (size_t) (*result_size + 1));
      goto exit;
    }

  matched_ptr = matched_ptr_end = src_buf;
  target = *result_buf;
  for (i = 0; i < repl_pos_array_cnt; i++)
    {
      /* first, copy non matched original string preceeding matched part */
      matched_ptr = src_buf + repl_pos_array[2 * i];
      if ((matched_ptr - matched_ptr_end) > 0)
    {
      (void) memcpy (target, matched_ptr_end, matched_ptr - matched_ptr_end);
      target += matched_ptr - matched_ptr_end;
    }

      /* second, copy replacing string */
      (void) memcpy (target, repl_str_buf, repl_str_size);
      target += repl_str_size;
      matched_ptr_end = matched_ptr + repl_pos_array[2 * i + 1];
    }

  /* append any trailing string (after last matched part) */
  if (matched_ptr_end < src_buf + src_size)
    {
      (void) memcpy (target, matched_ptr_end, src_buf + src_size - matched_ptr_end);
      target += src_buf + src_size - matched_ptr_end;
    }

  assert (target - *result_buf == *result_size);

exit:
  if (repl_pos_array != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free (NULL, repl_pos_array);
    }

  return error_status;

#undef REPL_POS_ARRAY_EXTENT
}

/*
 * db_string_translate () -
 */
int
db_string_translate (const DB_VALUE * src_string, const DB_VALUE * from_string, const DB_VALUE * to_string,
             DB_VALUE * transed_string)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  unsigned char *result_ptr = NULL;
  int result_length = 0, result_size = 0;
  DB_TYPE result_type = DB_TYPE_NULL;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (transed_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string) || DB_IS_NULL (from_string) || DB_IS_NULL (to_string))
    {
      error_status = db_value_domain_init (transed_string, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (!is_char_string (from_string) || !is_char_string (to_string) || !is_char_string (src_string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if ((qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (from_string))
      || (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (to_string))
      || (qstr_get_category (from_string) != qstr_get_category (to_string))
      || (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (from_string))
      || (db_get_string_codeset (src_string) != db_get_string_codeset (to_string)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = qstr_translate (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string),
                 db_get_string_size (src_string), db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                 DB_GET_UCHAR (from_string), db_get_string_size (from_string),
                 DB_GET_UCHAR (to_string), db_get_string_size (to_string), &result_ptr,
                 &result_length, &result_size);

  if (error_status == NO_ERROR && result_ptr != NULL)
    {
      if (result_length == 0)
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, transed_string,
                  (db_get_string_length (src_string) == 0) ? 1 : db_get_string_length (src_string),
                  (char *) result_ptr, result_size, db_get_string_codeset (src_string),
                  db_get_string_collation (src_string));
    }
      else
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, transed_string, result_length, (char *) result_ptr, result_size,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src_string), db_get_string_collation (src_string));
    }
      result_ptr[result_size] = 0;
      transed_string->need_clear = true;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_translate () -
 */
static int
qstr_translate (const unsigned char *src_ptr, DB_TYPE src_type, int src_size, INTL_CODESET codeset,
        const unsigned char *from_str_ptr, int from_str_size, const unsigned char *to_str_ptr, int to_str_size,
        unsigned char **result_ptr, int *result_len, int *result_size)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int j, offset, offset1, offset2;
  int from_char_loc, to_char_cnt, to_char_loc;
  const unsigned char *srcp, *fromp;
  unsigned char *target = NULL;
  int matched = 0, phase = 0;

  if ((from_str_ptr == NULL && to_str_ptr != NULL))
    {
      error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (to_str_ptr == NULL)
    {
      to_str_ptr = (unsigned char *) "";
    }

  /* check from, to string */
  to_char_cnt = 0;
  for (j = 0; j < to_str_size;)
    {
      intl_char_size (to_str_ptr + j, 1, codeset, &offset2);
      j += offset2;
      to_char_cnt++;
    }

  /* calculate total length */
  *result_size = 0;
  phase = 0;

loop:
  srcp = src_ptr;
  for (srcp = src_ptr; srcp < src_ptr + src_size;)
    {
      intl_char_size (srcp, 1, codeset, &offset);

      matched = 0;
      from_char_loc = 0;
      for (fromp = from_str_ptr; fromp != NULL && fromp < from_str_ptr + from_str_size; from_char_loc++)
    {
      intl_char_size (fromp, 1, codeset, &offset1);

      /* if source and from char are matched, translate */
      if ((offset == offset1) && (memcmp (srcp, fromp, offset) == 0))
        {
          matched = 1;
          to_char_loc = 0;
          for (j = 0; j < to_str_size;)
        {
          intl_char_size (to_str_ptr + j, 1, codeset, &offset2);

          if (to_char_loc == from_char_loc)
            {       /* if matched char exist, replace */
              if (phase == 0)
            {
              *result_size += offset2;
            }
              else
            {
              memcpy (target, to_str_ptr + j, offset2);
              target += offset2;
            }
              break;
            }
          j += offset2;
          to_char_loc++;
        }
          break;
        }
      fromp += offset1;
    }
      if (!matched)
    {           /* preserve source char */
      if (phase == 0)
        {
          *result_size += offset;
        }
      else
        {
          memcpy (target, srcp, offset);
          target += offset;
        }
    }
      srcp += offset;
    }

  if (phase == 1)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  /* evaluate result string length */
  *result_ptr = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) * result_size + 1);
  if (*result_ptr == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
      return error_status;
    }
  if (phase == 0)
    {
      phase = 1;
      target = *result_ptr;
      *result_len = *result_size;
      goto loop;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_bit_string_coerce () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        src_string:  (In) Source string
 *       dest_string: (Out) Coerced string
 *       data_status: (Out) Data status
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *   ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
 *      <src_string> is not a bit string
 *   ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS
 *      <dest_domain> is not a compatible domain type
 *
 * Note:
 *
 *   This function coerces a bit string from one domain to another.
 *   A new DB_VALUE is created making use of the memory manager and
 *   domain information stored in <dest_value>, and coercing the
 *   data portion of <src_string>.
 *
 *   If any loss of data due to truncation occurs, <data_status>
 *   is set to DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED.
 *
 *   The destination container should have the memory manager, precision
 *   and domain type initialized.
 *
 * Assert:
 *
 *   1. src_string  != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. dest_value  != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   3. data_status != (DB_DATA_STATUS *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_bit_string_coerce (const DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * dest_string, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type, dest_type;

  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  /* Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated. */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (dest_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (data_status != (DB_DATA_STATUS *) NULL);

  /* Initialize status value */
  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /* Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors. Verify that the parameters are both character strings. */
  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  dest_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dest_string);

  if (!QSTR_IS_BIT (src_type) || !QSTR_IS_BIT (dest_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (dest_string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (dest_string, DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dest_string), DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
  else
    {
      unsigned char *dest;
      int dest_prec;
      int dest_length;

      if (DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
    {
      dest_prec = db_get_string_length (src_string);
    }
      else
    {
      dest_prec = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string);
    }

      error_status = qstr_bit_coerce (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), db_get_string_length (src_string),
                      QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string), src_type, &dest, &dest_length, dest_prec,
                      dest_type, data_status);

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (dest_type, dest_string, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string), (char *) dest, dest_length,
                  INTL_CODESET_RAW_BITS, 0);
      dest_string->need_clear = true;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_char_string_coerce () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        src_string:  (In) Source string
 *       dest_string: (Out) Coerced string
 *       data_status: (Out) Data status
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *   ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
 *      <src_string> and <dest_string> are not both char strings
 *   ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS
 *      <dest_domain> is not a compatible domain type
 *
 * Note:
 *
 *   This function coerces a char string from one domain to
 *   another.  A new DB_VALUE is created making use of the
 *   memory manager and domain information stored in
 *   <dest_value>, and coercing the data portion of
 *   <src_string>.
 *
 *   If any loss of data due to truncation occurs, <data_status>
 *   is set to DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED.
 *
 * Assert:
 *
 *   1. src_string  != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   2. dest_value  != (DB_VALUE *) NULL
 *   3. data_status != (DB_DATA_STATUS *) NULL
 *
 */

int
db_char_string_coerce (const DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * dest_string, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  /* Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated. */
  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (dest_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (data_status != (DB_DATA_STATUS *) NULL);

  /* Initialize status value */
  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /*
   *  Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors.
   *    Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *    Verify that the source and destination strings are of
   *    the same character code set.
   *    Verify that the source string is not NULL.
   *    Otherwise, coerce.
   */
  if (!is_char_string (src_string) || !is_char_string (dest_string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (qstr_get_category (src_string) != qstr_get_category (dest_string))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  else if (DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (dest_string, DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dest_string), DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
  else
    {
      unsigned char *dest;
      int dest_prec;
      int dest_length;
      int dest_size;
      INTL_CODESET src_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_string);
      INTL_CODESET dest_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (dest_string);

      if (!INTL_CAN_COERCE_CS (src_codeset, dest_codeset))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      /* Initialize the memory manager of the destination */
      if (DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string) == TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE)
    {
      dest_prec = db_get_string_length (src_string);
    }
      else
    {
      dest_prec = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string);
    }

      error_status = qstr_coerce (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_string), db_get_string_length (src_string),
                  QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string), DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string), src_codeset,
                  dest_codeset, &dest, &dest_length, &dest_size, dest_prec,
                  DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dest_string), data_status);

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR && dest != NULL)
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dest_string), dest_string, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (dest_string),
                  (char *) dest, dest_size, db_get_string_codeset (dest_string),
                  db_get_string_collation (dest_string));
      dest[dest_size] = 0;
      dest_string->need_clear = true;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_string_make_empty_typed_string() -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *       db_val     : (In/Out) value to make
 *       db_type    : (In) Type of string (char,bit)
 *       precision  : (In)
 *       codeset    : (In)
 *       collation_id  : (In)
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *   ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
 *      <type> is not one of (char,bit)
 *   ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY
 *      out of memory
 *
 */
int
db_string_make_empty_typed_string (DB_VALUE * db_val, const DB_TYPE db_type, int precision, int codeset,
                   int collation_id)
{
  int status = NO_ERROR;
  char *buf = NULL;

  /* handle bad cases */
  assert (db_val != NULL);
  assert (precision >= DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION);

  if (db_type != DB_TYPE_BIT && db_type != DB_TYPE_VARBIT && db_type != DB_TYPE_CHAR && db_type != DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  if (db_val == NULL)
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (db_val))
    {
      db_value_domain_init (db_val, db_type, precision, 0);
    }
  precision = ((precision < DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION) ? DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION : precision);

  /* create an empty string DB VALUE */
  buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, 1);
  if (buf == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }
  *buf = '\0';

  /* We are sure it's a string type value. */
  db_make_db_char (db_val, (INTL_CODESET) (codeset), collation_id, buf, 0);
  db_val->need_clear = true;

  return status;
}

/*
 * db_find_string_in_in_set () - find the position of a string token in
 *               a string containing comma separated tokens
 * return : error code or NO_ERROR
 * needle (in)  : the token to look for
 * stack (in)   : the set of tokens
 * result (in/out) : will hold the position of the token
 */
int
db_find_string_in_in_set (const DB_VALUE * needle, const DB_VALUE * stack, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int err = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE needle_type, stack_type;
  int position = 1;
  int stack_size = 0, needle_size = 0;
  const char *stack_str = NULL;
  const char *needle_str = NULL;
  int cmp, coll_id, matched_stack_size;
  const char *stack_ptr, *stack_end, *elem_start;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (needle) || DB_IS_NULL (stack))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /*
   *  Categorize the parameters into respective code sets.
   *  Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   *  Verify that the input strings belong to compatible code sets.
   */
  needle_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (needle);
  stack_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (stack);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (needle_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (stack_type))
    {
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      err = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error_return;
    }

  if (qstr_get_category (needle) != qstr_get_category (stack)
      || db_get_string_codeset (needle) != db_get_string_codeset (stack))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS, 0);
      err = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      goto error_return;
    }

  LANG_RT_COMMON_COLL (db_get_string_collation (stack), db_get_string_collation (needle), coll_id);
  if (coll_id == -1)
    {
      err = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_COLLATIONS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, err, 0);
      goto error_return;
    }

  stack_str = db_get_string (stack);
  stack_size = db_get_string_size (stack);

  needle_str = db_get_string (needle);
  needle_size = db_get_string_size (needle);

  if (stack_size == 0 && needle_size == 0)
    {
      /* if both are empty string, no match */
      goto match_not_found;
    }

  for (elem_start = stack_ptr = stack_str, stack_end = stack_str + stack_size; stack_ptr <= stack_end; ++stack_ptr)
    {
      if (stack_ptr == stack_end || *stack_ptr == ',')
    {
      if (stack_ptr == elem_start)
        {
          if (needle_size == 0)
        {
          db_make_int (result, position);
          return NO_ERROR;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          assert (stack_ptr > elem_start);
          /* check using collation */
          if (needle_size > 0)
        {
          cmp = QSTR_MATCH (coll_id, (const unsigned char *) elem_start, CAST_BUFLEN (stack_ptr - elem_start),
                    (const unsigned char *) needle_str, needle_size, NULL, false, &matched_stack_size);
          if (cmp == 0 && matched_stack_size == CAST_BUFLEN (stack_ptr - elem_start))
            {
              db_make_int (result, position);
              return NO_ERROR;
            }
        }
        }

      position++;
      elem_start = stack_ptr + 1;
    }
    }

match_not_found:
  /* if we didn't find it in the loop above, then there is no match */
  db_make_int (result, 0);
  return NO_ERROR;

error_return:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  return err;
}

/*
 * db_bigint_to_binary_string () - compute the string representation of a
 *                 binary a value
 * return : error code or NO_ERROR
 * src_bigint (in)  : the binary value
 * result (out)     : the string representation of the binary value
 */
int
db_bigint_to_binary_string (const DB_VALUE * src_bigint, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error = NO_ERROR;
  int i = 0;
  DB_BIGINT bigint_val = 0;
  int digits_count = 0;
  char *binary_form = NULL;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_bigint))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_VALUE_TYPE (src_bigint) != DB_TYPE_BIGINT)
    {
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error_return;
    }

  bigint_val = db_get_bigint (src_bigint);

  /* count the number of digits in bigint_val */
  if (bigint_val < (DB_BIGINT) 0)
    {
      /* MSB is the sign bit */
      digits_count = sizeof (DB_BIGINT) * 8;
    }
  else if (bigint_val == 0)
    {
      digits_count = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      i = 0;
      /* positive numbers have at most 8 * sizeof(DB_BIGINT) - 1 digits */
      while ((DB_BIGINT) 1 << i <= bigint_val && i < (int) sizeof (DB_BIGINT) * 8 - 1)
    {
      i++;
    }
      digits_count = i;
    }

  binary_form = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, digits_count + 1);
  if (binary_form == NULL)
    {
      error = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error_return;
    }
  memset (binary_form, 0, digits_count + 1);

  for (i = 0; i < digits_count; i++)
    {
      binary_form[digits_count - i - 1] = ((DB_BIGINT) 1 << i) & bigint_val ? '1' : '0';
    }

  db_make_varchar (result, digits_count, binary_form, digits_count, LANG_COERCIBLE_CODESET, LANG_COERCIBLE_COLL);
  result->need_clear = true;
  return error;

error_return:
  if (binary_form != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free (NULL, binary_form);
    }
  pr_clear_value (result);
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  return error;
}

/*
 * db_add_time () - add the time represented by right to the value left
 * return : error code or NO_ERROR
 * left (in)    : left operand
 * right (in)   : right operand
 * result (out) : result
 * domain (in)  : the domain of the return type
 */
int
db_add_time (const DB_VALUE * left, const DB_VALUE * right, DB_VALUE * result, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  int error = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIME ldatetime = { 0, 0 };
  DB_DATETIME result_datetime = { 0, 0 };
  bool left_is_datetime = false;
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int lsecond = 0, lminute = 0, lhour = 0, lms = 0;
  bool is_time_decoded = false;
  bool is_datetime_decoded = false;
  int rsecond = 0, rminute = 0, rhour = 0, rms = 0;
  DB_TIME ltime = 0, rtime = 0;
  char *res_s = NULL;
  DB_TYPE result_type = DB_TYPE_NULL;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int collation_id;
  TZ_ID tz_id = 0;
  DB_DATETIMETZ ldatetimetz;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (left) || DB_IS_NULL (right))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (left))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      {
    bool has_zone = false;
    bool is_explicit_time = false;

    error = db_string_to_datetimetz_ex (db_get_string (left), db_get_string_size (left), &ldatetimetz, &has_zone);
    if (error == NO_ERROR && has_zone == true)
      {
        tz_id = ldatetimetz.tz_id;
        ldatetime = ldatetimetz.datetime;
        result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
        left_is_datetime = true;
        break;
      }

    error = db_date_parse_time (db_get_string (left), db_get_string_size (left), &ltime, &lms);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        /* left may be a date string, try it here */
        error =
          db_date_parse_datetime_parts (db_get_string (left), db_get_string_size (left), &ldatetime,
                        &is_explicit_time, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if (error != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
        error = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
        goto error_return;
          }

        left_is_datetime = true;
        if (has_zone == true)
          {
        result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
          }
        else
          {
        result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
          }
        break;
      }

    db_time_decode (&ltime, &lhour, &lminute, &lsecond);
    is_time_decoded = true;

    error =
      db_date_parse_datetime_parts (db_get_string (left), db_get_string_size (left), &ldatetime, &is_explicit_time,
                    NULL, NULL, NULL);
    if (error != NO_ERROR || !is_explicit_time)
      {
        left_is_datetime = false;
      }
    else
      {
        int lsecond2 = 0, lminute2 = 0, lhour2 = 0, lms2 = 0;
        left_is_datetime = true;
        db_datetime_decode (&ldatetime, &month, &day, &year, &lhour2, &lminute2, &lsecond2, &lms2);
        is_datetime_decoded = true;
        if (lhour2 != lhour || lminute2 != lminute || lsecond2 != lsecond || lms2 != lms)
          {
        month = 0;
        day = 0;
        year = 0;
        left_is_datetime = false;
          }
      }
    result_type = DB_TYPE_VARCHAR;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      ldatetime = *(db_get_datetime (left));
      left_is_datetime = true;

      if (DB_VALUE_TYPE (left) == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
    }
      else
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;

    dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (left);
    ldatetime = dt_tz_p->datetime;
    tz_id = dt_tz_p->tz_id;
    left_is_datetime = true;
    result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
    break;
      }
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      db_timestamp_decode_utc (db_get_timestamp (left), &ldatetime.date, &ltime);
      ldatetime.time = ltime * 1000;
      left_is_datetime = true;
      if (DB_VALUE_TYPE (left) == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
    }
      else
    {
      result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;

    ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (left);
    db_timestamp_decode_utc (&ts_tz_p->timestamp, &ldatetime.date, &ltime);

    ldatetime.time = ltime * 1000;
    left_is_datetime = true;
    tz_id = ts_tz_p->tz_id;
    result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      ldatetime.date = *(db_get_date (left));
      left_is_datetime = true;
      result_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      ltime = *(db_get_time (left));
      left_is_datetime = false;
      result_type = DB_TYPE_TIME;
      break;

    default:
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error_return;
      break;
    }

  if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (right, &rhour, &rminute, &rsecond, &rms) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error_return;
    }

  if (left_is_datetime)
    {
      DB_BIGINT composite_values[COMPOSITE_MAX] = { 0, 0, 0, rhour, rminute, rsecond, 0 };

      /* add a datetime to a time */
      if (!is_datetime_decoded)
    {
      db_datetime_decode (&ldatetime, &month, &day, &year, &lhour, &lminute, &lsecond, &lms);
    }

      if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0 && lhour == 0 && lminute == 0 && lsecond == 0 && lms == 0)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
      error = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error_return;
    }

      error = add_and_normalize_date_time (&year, &month, &day, &lhour, &lminute, &lsecond, &lms, composite_values);
      if (error != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
      error = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_return;
    }

      if (result_type != DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      db_datetime_encode (&result_datetime, month, day, year, lhour, lminute, lsecond, lms);
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* add two time values */
      int seconds = 0;
      if (!is_time_decoded)
    {
      db_time_decode (&ltime, &lhour, &lminute, &lsecond);
    }
      seconds = (lhour + rhour) * 3600 + (lminute + rminute) * 60 + lsecond + rsecond;
      rhour = seconds / 3600;
      if (rhour > 23)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
      error = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      goto error_return;
    }
      rminute = (seconds - rhour * 3600) / 60;
      rsecond = seconds % 60;
    }

  /* depending on the first argument, the result is either result_date or result_time */

  if (domain != NULL)
    {
      assert (TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain) == result_type);
    }

  switch (result_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      if (!left_is_datetime)
    {
      /* the result type can be DATETIME only if the first argument is a DATE or a DATETIME */
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
    }

      if (DB_VALUE_TYPE (left) == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
    {
      DB_DATETIME dt_local;

      error = tz_datetimeltz_to_local (&result_datetime, &dt_local);
      if (error != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error_return;
        }
      result_datetime = dt_local;
    }

      db_make_datetime (result, &result_datetime);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      {
    if (!left_is_datetime)
      {
        /* the result type can be DATETIME only if the first argument is a DATE or a DATETIME */
        assert (false);
        db_make_null (result);
      }

    db_make_datetimeltz (result, &result_datetime);
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ dt_tz;

    if (!left_is_datetime)
      {
        /* the result type can be DATETIME only if the first argument is a DATE or a DATETIME */
        assert (false);
        db_make_null (result);
      }

    error = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (month, day, year, lhour, lminute, lsecond, lms, &tz_id, &dt_tz);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        goto error_return;
      }
    db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      if (left_is_datetime)
    {
      /* the result type can be DATETIME only if the first argument is a TIME */
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
    }
      db_make_time (result, rhour, rminute, rsecond);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
      collation_id = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);

      if (left_is_datetime)
    {
      res_s = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_DATETIME_LENGTH + 1);
      if (res_s == NULL)
        {
          error = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          goto error_return;
        }

      db_datetime_to_string (res_s, QSTR_DATETIME_LENGTH + 1, &result_datetime);
      db_make_varchar (result, strlen (res_s), res_s, strlen (res_s), codeset, collation_id);
    }
      else
    {
      res_s = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_TIME_LENGTH + 1);
      if (res_s == NULL)
        {
          error = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          goto error_return;
        }
      db_time_encode (&rtime, rhour, rminute, rsecond);
      db_time_to_string (res_s, QSTR_TIME_LENGTH + 1, &rtime);
      db_make_varchar (result, strlen (res_s), res_s, strlen (res_s), codeset, collation_id);
    }
      result->need_clear = true;
      break;
    default:
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
      break;
    }

  return NO_ERROR;

error_return:
  if (res_s != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free (NULL, res_s);
    }
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      /* clear error and return NULL */
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  return error;
}

int
db_json_convert_to_utf8 (DB_VALUE * dbval)
{
  assert (dbval != NULL && DB_IS_STRING (dbval));
  DB_VALUE coerced_str;
  if (db_get_string_codeset (dbval) == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  int error_code = db_string_convert_to (dbval, &coerced_str, INTL_CODESET_UTF8, LANG_COLL_UTF8_BINARY);
  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_code;
    }

  std::swap (coerced_str, *dbval);
  pr_clear_value (&coerced_str);
  return NO_ERROR;
}

int
db_json_copy_and_convert_to_utf8 (const DB_VALUE * src_dbval, DB_VALUE * dest_dbval, const DB_VALUE ** json_str_dbval)
{
  assert (src_dbval != NULL && dest_dbval != NULL && json_str_dbval != NULL);
  if (db_get_string_codeset (src_dbval) == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
    {
      *json_str_dbval = src_dbval;
      db_make_null (dest_dbval);
    }
  else
    {
      *json_str_dbval = dest_dbval;
      int error_code = db_string_convert_to (src_dbval, dest_dbval, INTL_CODESET_UTF8, LANG_COLL_UTF8_BINARY);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      ASSERT_ERROR ();
      return error_code;
    }
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

int
db_string_convert_to (const DB_VALUE * src_str_dbval, DB_VALUE * dest_str_dbval, INTL_CODESET dest_codeset,
              int dest_col)
{
  assert (src_str_dbval != NULL && dest_str_dbval != NULL);

  DB_TYPE src_str_type = (DB_TYPE) src_str_dbval->domain.general_info.type;

  int dest_precision = QSTR_VALUE_PRECISION (src_str_dbval);

  db_value_domain_init (dest_str_dbval, src_str_type, dest_precision, 0);
  db_string_put_cs_and_collation (dest_str_dbval, dest_codeset, dest_col);

  DB_DATA_STATUS data_status;
  int error_code = db_char_string_coerce (src_str_dbval, dest_str_dbval, &data_status);
  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      pr_clear_value (dest_str_dbval);
      ASSERT_ERROR ();
      return error_code;
    }
  assert (data_status == DATA_STATUS_OK);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * qstr_pad_string () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            s: (IN OUT) Pointer to input string.
 *       length: (IN)     Size of input string.
 *      codeset: (IN)     International codeset of input string.
 *
 * Returns: unsigned char
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This is a convenience function which will copy pad characters into
 *     the input string.  It is assumed that the pad character will consist
 *     of one or two bytes (this is currently true).
 *
 *     The address immediately after the padded string is returned.  Thus,
 *     If a NULL terminated string was desired, then a call could be made:
 *
 *         ptr = qstr_pad_string();
 *         *ptr = '\0';
 *
 */

unsigned char *
qstr_pad_string (unsigned char *s, int length, INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  unsigned char pad[2];
  int i, j, pad_size = 0;

  if (length == 0)
    {
      return s;
    }

  assert (length > 0);

  intl_pad_char (codeset, pad, &pad_size);

  if (pad_size == 1)
    {
      (void) memset ((char *) s, (int) pad[0], length);
      s = s + length;
    }
  else
    {
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
    {
      for (j = 0; j < pad_size; j++)
        {
          *(s++) = pad[j];
        }
    }
    }

  return s;
}

/*
 * qstr_bin_to_hex () -
 *
 * arguments:
 *        dest: Pointer to destination hex buffer area
 *   dest_size: Size of destination buffer area in bytes
 *         src: Pointer to source binary buffer area
 *    src_size: Size of source buffer area in bytes
 *
 * returns/side-effects: int
 *    The number of converted source bytes is returned.  This value will
 *    equal src_size if (dest_size >= 2*src_size) and less otherwise.
 *
 * description:
 *    Convert the binary data in the source buffer to ASCII hex characters
 *    in the destination buffer.  The destination buffer should be at
 *    least 2 * src_size.  If not, as much of the source string is processed
 *    as possible.  The number of ASCII Hex characters in dest will
 *    equal two times the returned value.
 *
 */

int
qstr_bin_to_hex (char *dest, int dest_size, const char *src, int src_size)
{
  int i, copy_size;

  if (dest_size >= (2 * src_size))
    {
      copy_size = src_size;
    }
  else
    {
      copy_size = dest_size / 2;
    }

  for (i = 0; i < copy_size; i++)
    {
      sprintf (&(dest[2 * i]), "%02x", (unsigned char) (src[i]));
    }

  return copy_size;
}

/*
 * qstr_hex_to_bin () -
 *
 * arguments:
 *        dest: Pointer to destination hex buffer area
 *   dest_size: Size of destination buffer area in bytes
 *         src: Pointer to source binary buffer area
 *    src_size: Size of source buffer area in bytes
 *
 * returns/side-effects: int
 *    The number of converted hex characters is returned.
 *
 * description:
 *    Convert the string of hex characters to decimal values.  For each two
 *    characters, one unsigned character value is produced.  If the number
 *    of characters is odd, then the second nibble of the last byte will
 *    be 0 padded.  If the destination buffer is not large enough to hold
 *    the converted data, as much data is converted as possible.
 *
 */

int
qstr_hex_to_bin (char *dest, int dest_size, const char *src, int src_size)
{
  int i, copy_size, src_index, required_size;

  required_size = (src_size + 1) / 2;

  if (dest_size >= required_size)
    {
      copy_size = required_size;
    }
  else
    {
      copy_size = dest_size;
    }

  src_index = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < copy_size; i++)
    {
      int hex_digit;

      hex_digit = hextoi (src[src_index++]);
      if (hex_digit < 0)
    {
      return -1;
    }
      else
    {
      dest[i] = hex_digit << 4;
      if (src_index < src_size)
        {
          hex_digit = hextoi (src[src_index++]);
          if (hex_digit < 0)
        {
          return -1;
        }
          else
        {
          dest[i] += hex_digit;
        }
        }
    }
    }

  return src_index;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_to_bin () -
 *
 * arguments:
 *        dest: Pointer to destination buffer area
 *   dest_size: Size of destination buffer area in bytes
 *         src: Pointer to source binary buffer area
 *    src_size: Size of source buffer area in bytes
 *
 * returns/side-effects: int
 *    The number of converted binary characters is returned.
 *
 * description:
 *    Convert the string of '0's and '1's to decimal values.  For each 8
 *    characters, one unsigned character value is produced.  If the number
 *    of characters is not a multiple of 8, the result will assume trailing
 *    0 padding.  If the destination buffer is not large enough to hold
 *    the converted data, as much data is converted as possible.
 *
 */

int
qstr_bit_to_bin (char *dest, int dest_size, const char *src, int src_size)
{
  int dest_byte, copy_size, src_index, required_size;

  required_size = (src_size + 7) / 8;

  if (dest_size >= required_size)
    {
      copy_size = required_size;
    }
  else
    {
      copy_size = dest_size;
    }

  src_index = 0;
  for (dest_byte = 0; dest_byte < copy_size; dest_byte++)
    {
      int bit_count;

      dest[dest_byte] = 0;
      for (bit_count = 0; bit_count < 8; bit_count++)
    {
      dest[dest_byte] = dest[dest_byte] << 1;
      if (src_index < src_size)
        {
          if (src[src_index] == '1')
        {
          dest[dest_byte]++;
        }
          else if (src[src_index] != '0')
        {
          return -1;    /* Illegal digit */
        }
          src_index++;
        }
    }
    }

  return src_index;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_to_hex_coerce () -
 *
 * arguments:
 *      buffer: Pointer to destination buffer area
 * buffer_size: Size of destination buffer area (in bytes, *including* null
 *              terminator)
 *         src: Pointer to source buffer area
 *  src_length: Length of source buffer area in bits
 *    pad_flag: TRUE if the buffer should be padded and FALSE otherwise
 *   copy_size: Number of bytes transfered from the src string to the dst
 *              buffer
 *  truncation: pointer to a int field.  *outlen will equal 0 if no
 *              truncation occurred and will equal the size of the dst buffer
 *              in bytes needed to avoid truncation (not including the
 *              terminating NULL), otherwise.
 *
 * returns/side-effects: void
 *
 * description:
 *    Transfers at most buffer_size bytes to the region pointed at by dst.
 *    If  pad_flag is TRUE, strings shorter than buffer_size will be
 *    blank-padded out to buffer_size-1 bytes.  All strings will be
 *    null-terminated.  If truncation is necessary (i.e., if buffer_size is
 *    less than or equal to src_length), *truncation is set to src_length;
 *    if truncation is is not necessary, *truncation is set to 0.
 *
 */

void
qstr_bit_to_hex_coerce (char *buffer, int buffer_size, const char *src, int src_length, int pad_flag, int *copy_size,
            int *truncation)
{
  int src_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (src_length);

  if (src == NULL)
    {
      buffer[0] = '\0';
      return;
    }

  if (buffer_size > (2 * src_size))
    {
      /*
       * No truncation; copy the data and blank pad if necessary.
       */
      qstr_bin_to_hex (buffer, buffer_size, src, src_size);
/*
    for (i=0; i<src_size; i++)
        sprintf(&(buffer[2*i]), "%02x", (unsigned char)(src[i]));
*/
      if (pad_flag != 0)
    {
      memset (&(buffer[2 * src_size]), '0', (buffer_size - (2 * src_size)));
      *copy_size = buffer_size - 1;
    }
      else
    {
      *copy_size = 2 * src_size;
    }
      buffer[*copy_size] = '\0';
      *truncation = 0;
    }
  else
    {
      /*
       * Truncation is necessary; put as many bytes as possible into
       * the receiving buffer and null-terminate it (i.e., it receives
       * at most dstsize-1 bytes).  If there is not outlen indicator by
       * which we can indicate truncation, this is an error.
       *
       */
      if (buffer_size % 2)
    {
      src_size = buffer_size / 2;
    }
      else
    {
      src_size = (buffer_size - 1) / 2;
    }

      qstr_bin_to_hex (buffer, buffer_size, src, src_size);
/*
    for (i=0; i<src_size; i++)
        sprintf(&(buffer[2*i]), "%02x", (unsigned char)(src[i]));
*/
      *copy_size = 2 * src_size;
      buffer[*copy_size] = '\0';

      *truncation = src_size;
    }
}

/*
 * db_get_string_length
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        value: Value  container
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Returns the character length of the string in the container.
 *
 */

int
db_get_string_length (const DB_VALUE * value)
{
  DB_CONST_C_CHAR str;
  int size;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int length = 0;

#if 0
  /* Currently, only the medium model is used */

  switch (value->data.ch.info.style)
    {
    case SMALL_STRING:
      str = value->data.ch.small.buf;
      length = size = value->data.ch.small.size;
      codeset = value->data.ch.small.codeset;
      break;

    case MEDIUM_STRING:
      str = value->data.ch.medium.buf;
      length = size = value->data.ch.medium.size;
      codeset = value->data.ch.medium.codeset;
      break;

    case LARGE_STRING:
      str = NULL;
      size = 0;
      break;

    default:
      break;
    }
#endif

  str = value->data.ch.medium.buf;
  length = size = value->data.ch.medium.size;
  codeset = (INTL_CODESET) value->data.ch.medium.codeset;

  if (value->data.ch.medium.length != -1)
    {
      return value->data.ch.medium.length;
    }
  if (value->domain.general_info.type != DB_TYPE_BIT && value->domain.general_info.type != DB_TYPE_VARBIT)
    {
      intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) str, size, codeset, &length);
    }

  return length;
}

/*
 * qstr_make_typed_string () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      db_type: value type for the result.
 *        value: Value container for the result.
 *    precision: Length of the string precision.
 *          src: Pointer to string.
 *       s_unit: Size of the string.
 *  codeset: codeset
 * collation_id: collation
 *
 * Returns: void
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Make a value container from the string of the given domain.
 *     This is a convenience function which allows for all string
 *     types given the proper domain type.
 *
 */

void
qstr_make_typed_string (const DB_TYPE db_type, DB_VALUE * value, const int precision, DB_CONST_C_CHAR src,
            const int s_unit, const int codeset, const int collation_id)
{
  int error = NO_ERROR;
  switch (db_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      error = db_make_char (value, precision, src, s_unit, codeset, collation_id);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      error = db_make_varchar (value, precision, src, s_unit, codeset, collation_id);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_BIT:
      error = db_make_bit (value, precision, src, s_unit);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_VARBIT:
      error = db_make_varbit (value, precision, src, s_unit);
      break;

    default:
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (value);
      break;
    }
  assert (error == NO_ERROR);
}

/*
 *  Private Functions
 */

/*
 * qstr_get_category
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      s: DB_VALUE representation of a string.
 *
 * Returns: QSTR_CATEGORY
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Returns the character code set of the string "s."  The character code
 *   set of strings is:
 *
 *       QSTR_CHAR, QSTR_BIT
 *
 *   as defined in type QSTR_CATEGORY.  A value of QSTR_UNKNOWN is defined
 *   if the string does not fit into one of these categories.  This should
 *   never happen if is_string() returns TRUE.
 *
 */

static QSTR_CATEGORY
qstr_get_category (const DB_VALUE * s)
{
  QSTR_CATEGORY code_set;

  switch (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (s))
    {

    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      code_set = QSTR_CHAR;
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_BIT:
    case DB_TYPE_VARBIT:
      code_set = QSTR_BIT;
      break;

    default:
      code_set = QSTR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
    }

  return code_set;
}

#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * is_string () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      s: (IN) DB_VALUE variable.
 *
 * Returns: bool
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Verifies that the value is a string.  Returns TRUE if the
 *   domain type is one of:
 *
 *       DB_TYPE_STRING
 *       DB_TYPE_CHAR
 *       DB_TYPE_VARCHAR
 *       DB_TYPE_BIT
 *       DB_TYPE_VARBIT
 *
 *   Returns FALSE otherwise.
 *
 *   This function supports the older type DB_TYPE_STRING which
 *   has been replaced by DB_TYPE_VARCHAR.
 *
 */

static bool
is_string (const DB_VALUE * s)
{
  DB_TYPE domain_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (s);

  return QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (domain_type);
}
#endif /* ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION */

/*
 * is_char_string () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      s: DB_VALUE variable.
 *
 * Returns: bool
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Verifies that the value is a character string.  Returns TRUE if the
 *   value is of domain type is one of:
 *
 *       DB_TYPE_STRING
 *       DB_TYPE_VARCHAR
 *       DB_TYPE_CHAR
 *
 *   Returns FALSE otherwise.
 *
 *   This function supports the older type DB_TYPE_STRING which
 *   has been replaced by DB_TYPE_VARCHAR.
 *
 */

static bool
is_char_string (const DB_VALUE * s)
{
  DB_TYPE domain_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (s);

  return (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (domain_type));
}

/*
 * is_integer () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      i: (IN) DB_VALUE variable.
 *
 * Returns: bool
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Verifies that the value is an integer.  Returns TRUE if the
 *   value is of domain type is one of:
 *
 *       DB_TYPE_INTEGER
 *
 *   Returns FALSE otherwise.
 *
 */

static bool
is_integer (const DB_VALUE * i)
{
  return (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (i) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);
}

/*
 * is_number () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      n: (IN) DB_VALUE variable.
 *
 * Returns: bool
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Verifies that the value is an number.  Returns TRUE if the
 *   value is of domain type is one of:
 *
 *       DB_TYPE_NUMERIC
 *       DB_TYPE_INTEGER
 *       DB_TYPE_SMALLINT
 *       DB_TYPE_DOUBLE
 *       DB_TYPE_FLOAT
 *
 *   Returns FALSE otherwise.
 *
 */

static bool
is_number (const DB_VALUE * n)
{
  DB_TYPE domain_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (n);

  return ((domain_type == DB_TYPE_NUMERIC) || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_INTEGER) || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_SMALLINT)
      || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_BIGINT) || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_DOUBLE) || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_FLOAT)
      || (domain_type == DB_TYPE_MONETARY));
}

/*
* is_str_find_all () -
*
* Arguments:
*      val: (IN) DB_VALUE variable. Assumed string
*      find_all: (OUT) whether all/one
*
* Returns: error
*
* Errors:
*   ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
*
* Note:
*   find_all becomes TRUE if val's lower-cased string is 'all', FALSE if it is 'one'
*
*   Returns ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE otherwise.
*
*/



#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * qstr_compare () - compare two character strings of DB_TYPE_STRING(tp_String)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      string1: 1st character string
 *        size1: size of 1st string
 *      string2: 2nd character string
 *        size2: size of 2nd string
 *
 * Returns:
 *   Greater than 0 if string1 > string2
 *   Equal to 0     if string1 = string2
 *   Less than 0    if string1 < string2
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function is similar to strcmp(3) or bcmp(3). It is designed to
 *   follow SQL_TEXT character set collation. Padding character(space ' ') is
 *   the smallest character in the set. (e.g.) "ab z" < "ab\t1"
 *
 */

int
qstr_compare (const unsigned char *string1, int size1, const unsigned char *string2, int size2)
{
  int n, i, cmp;
  unsigned char c1, c2;

#define PAD ' '         /* str_pad_char(INTL_CODESET_ISO88591, pad, &pad_size) */
#define SPACE PAD       /* smallest character in the collation sequence */
#define ZERO '\0'       /* space is treated as zero */

  n = size1 < size2 ? size1 : size2;
  for (i = 0, cmp = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c1 = *string1++;
      if (c1 == SPACE)
    {
      c1 = ZERO;
    }
      c2 = *string2++;
      if (c2 == SPACE)
    {
      c2 = ZERO;
    }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
  if (cmp != 0)
    {
      return cmp;
    }
  if (size1 == size2)
    {
      return cmp;
    }

  c1 = c2 = ZERO;
  if (size1 < size2)
    {
      n = size2 - size1;
      for (i = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c2 = *string2++;
      if (c2 == PAD)
        {
          c2 = ZERO;
        }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      n = size1 - size2;
      for (i = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c1 = *string1++;
      if (c1 == PAD)
        {
          c1 = ZERO;
        }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
    }
  return cmp;

#undef PAD
#undef SPACE
#undef ZERO
}               /* qstr_compare() */

/*
 * char_compare () - compare two character strings of DB_TYPE_CHAR(tp_Char)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      string1: 1st character string
 *        size1: size of 1st string
 *      string2: 2nd character string
 *        size2: size of 2nd string
 *
 * Returns:
 *   Greater than 0 if string1 > string2
 *   Equal to 0     if string1 = string2
 *   Less than 0    if string1 < string2
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function is identical to qstr_compare().
 *
 */

int
char_compare (const unsigned char *string1, int size1, const unsigned char *string2, int size2)
{
  int n, i, cmp;
  unsigned char c1, c2;

  assert (size1 >= 0 && size2 >= 0);

#define PAD ' '         /* str_pad_char(INTL_CODESET_ISO88591, pad, &pad_size) */
#define SPACE PAD       /* smallest character in the collation sequence */
#define ZERO '\0'       /* space is treated as zero */

  n = size1 < size2 ? size1 : size2;
  for (i = 0, cmp = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c1 = *string1++;
      if (c1 == SPACE)
    {
      c1 = ZERO;
    }
      c2 = *string2++;
      if (c2 == SPACE)
    {
      c2 = ZERO;
    }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
  if (cmp != 0)
    {
      return cmp;
    }
  if (size1 == size2)
    {
      return cmp;
    }

  c1 = c2 = ZERO;
  if (size1 < size2)
    {
      n = size2 - size1;
      for (i = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c2 = *string2++;
      if (c2 == PAD)
        {
          c2 = ZERO;
        }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      n = size1 - size2;
      for (i = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      c1 = *string1++;
      if (c1 == PAD)
        {
          c1 = ZERO;
        }
      cmp = c1 - c2;
    }
    }
  return cmp;

#undef PAD
#undef SPACE
#undef ZERO
}               /* char_compare() */
#endif /* ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION */
/*
 * bit_compare () - compare two bit strings of DB_TYPE_BIT(tp_Bit)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      string1: 1st bit string
 *        size1: size of 1st string
 *      string2: 2nd bit string
 *        size2: size of 2nd string
 *      codeset: codeset of strings
 *
 * Returns:
 *   Greater than 0 if string1 > string2
 *   Equal to 0     if string1 = string2
 *   Less than 0    if string1 < string2
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function is identical to qstr_compare().
 *
 */

int
bit_compare (const unsigned char *string1, int size1, const unsigned char *string2, int size2)
{
  int n, i, cmp;

  assert (size1 >= 0 && size2 >= 0);

#define PAD '\0'        /* str_pad_char(INTL_CODESET_RAW_BITS, pad, &pad_size) */
  n = size1 < size2 ? size1 : size2;
  for (i = 0, cmp = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      cmp = (*string1++ - *string2++);
    }
  if (cmp != 0)
    {
      return cmp;
    }
  cmp = size1 - size2;
  return cmp;
#undef PAD
}               /* bit_compare() */

/*
 * varbit_compare () - compare two bit strings of DB_TYPE_VARBIT(tp_VarBit)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      string1: 1st bit string
 *        size1: size of 1st string
 *      string2: 2nd bit string
 *        size2: size of 2nd string
 *      codeset: codeset of strings
 *
 * Returns:
 *   Greater than 0 if string1 > string2
 *   Equal to 0     if string1 = string2
 *   Less than 0    if string1 < string2
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This function is identical to qstr_compare().
 *
 */

int
varbit_compare (const unsigned char *string1, int size1, const unsigned char *string2, int size2)
{
  int n, i, cmp;

#define PAD '\0'        /* str_pad_char(INTL_CODESET_RAW_BITS, pad, &pad_size) */
  n = size1 < size2 ? size1 : size2;
  for (i = 0, cmp = 0; i < n && cmp == 0; i++)
    {
      cmp = (*string1++ - *string2++);
    }
  if (cmp != 0)
    {
      return cmp;
    }
  cmp = size1 - size2;
  return cmp;
#undef PAD
}               /* varbit_compare() */


/*
 * qstr_grow_string () - grows the memory buffer of string value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            src: (IN)  String variable.
 *         result: (IN/OUT) value with new size, or DB_NULL if requested size
 *          exceeds PRM_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES system parameter
 *       new_size: (IN)  New size to be reserved for the string (in bytes).
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *  ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *        <src_string> is not CHAR, VARCHAR
 *
 * Note : src buffer is not freed, caller should be aware of this;
 *    Result DB_VALUE must already be created.
 *    It doesn't operate on BIT strings;
 *    if requested size is larger than PRM_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES,
 *    DB_VALUE_NULL is returned
 */

static int
qstr_grow_string (DB_VALUE * src_string, DB_VALUE * result, int new_size)
{
  int result_size = 0, src_length = 0, result_domain_length = 0, src_size = 0;
  char *r = NULL;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;

  assert (src_string != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_string);
  src_length = (int) db_get_string_length (src_string);
  result_domain_length = DB_VALUE_PRECISION (src_string);

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type) || DB_IS_NULL (src_string))
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_string);

  result_size = src_length * INTL_CODESET_MULT (codeset);

  src_size = db_get_string_size (src_string);

  assert (new_size >= result_size);
  assert (new_size >= src_size);

  result_size = MAX (result_size, new_size);
  result_size = MAX (result_size, src_size);

  if (result_size > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      er_set (ER_NOTIFICATION_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG, 2, result_size,
          (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));

      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  /* Allocate storage for the result string */
  r = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) result_size + 1);
  if (r == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      return er_errid ();
    }
  memset (r, 0, (size_t) result_size + 1);

  if (src_size > 0)
    {
      memcpy (r, db_get_string (src_string), src_size);
    }
  qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, result_domain_length, r, (int) MIN (result_size, src_size),
              codeset, db_get_string_collation (src_string));

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_ORACLE_STYLE_EMPTY_STRING) == true && DB_IS_NULL (result)
      && QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (result)))
    {
      /* intermediate value : clear is_null flag */
      result->domain.general_info.is_null = 0;
    }
  result->need_clear = true;
  return error_status;
}

#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * qstr_append () - appends a string to another string. Doesn't operate on BIT
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             s1: (IN/OUT)  First string pointer.
 *      s1_length: (IN)  Character length of <s1>.
 *   s1_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s1>.
 *        s1_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s1>.
 *             s2: (IN)  Second string pointer.
 *      s2_length: (IN)  Character length of <s2>.
 *   s2_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s2>.
 *        s2_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s2>.
 *        codeset: (IN)  international codeset.
 *  result_length: (OUT) Character length of <result>.
 *    result_size: (OUT) Byte size of <result>.
 *    data_status: (OUT) status of truncation
 *
 * Returns:
 *  ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE:
 *        <s1> and <s2> are not CHAR, VARCHAR
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 */

static int
qstr_append (unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type, const unsigned char *s2,
         int s2_length, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type, INTL_CODESET codeset, int *result_length,
         int *result_size, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int copy_length, copy_size;
  int pad1_length, pad2_length;
  int length_left, cat_length, cat_size;
  int s1_logical_length, s2_logical_length;
  unsigned char *cat_ptr;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /* Note : append logic is similar to concatenate, except the s1 string is already copied into the result. However,
   * the concatenate logic is preserved in order to have the same type limits checking and padding. */
  /* functions qstr_append & qstr_concatenate are kept separately because of different signatures and different
   * purpose. However, a refactoring may be necessary for the shared code */
  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (s1_type) || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (s2_type))
    {
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  /*
   *  Categorize the source string into fixed and variable
   *  length.  Variable length strings are simple.  Fixed
   *  length strings have to be handled special since the
   *  strings may not have all of their pad character allocated
   *  yet.  We have to account for this and act as if all of the
   *  characters are present.  They all will be by the time
   *  we are through.
   */

  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s1_type))
    {
      s1_logical_length = s1_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      s1_logical_length = s1_length;
    }


  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s2_type))
    {
      s2_logical_length = s2_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      s2_logical_length = s2_length;
    }

  /*
   *  If both source strings are fixed-length, the concatenated
   *  result will be fixed-length.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s1_type) && QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s2_type))
    {
      /*
       *  The result will be a chararacter string of length =
       *  string1_precision + string2_precision.  If the result
       *  length is greater than the maximum allowed for a fixed
       *  length string, the TRUNCATED exception is raised and
       *  the string is  shortened appropriately.
       */
      *result_length = s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length;
      if (*result_length > QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type))
    {
      *result_length = QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type);
      *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
    }

      *result_size = *result_length;

      /*
       *  Determine how much of s1 is already copied.
       *  Remember that this may or may not include needed padding.
       *  Then determine how much padding must be added to each
       *  source string.
       */
      copy_length = MIN (s1_length, *result_length);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s1, copy_length, codeset, &copy_size);

      pad1_length = MIN (s1_logical_length, *result_length) - copy_length;
      length_left = *result_length - copy_length - pad1_length;

      /*
       *  Determine how much of string2 can be concatenated after
       *  string1.  Remember that string2 is concatentated after
       *  the full length of string1 including any necessary pad
       *  characters.
       */
      cat_length = MIN (s2_length, length_left);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s2, cat_length, codeset, &cat_size);

      pad2_length = length_left - cat_length;

      /*
       *  Pad string s1, Copy the s2 string after the s1 string
       */
      cat_ptr = qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &(s1[copy_size]), pad1_length, codeset);

      memcpy ((char *) cat_ptr, (char *) s2, cat_size);
      (void) qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &cat_ptr[cat_size], pad2_length, codeset);
    }
  /*
   *  If either source string is variable-length, the concatenated
   *  result will be variable-length.
   */
  else
    {
      /*
       *  The result length will be the sum of the lengths of
       *  the two source strings.  If this is greater than the
       *  maximum length of a variable length string, then the
       *  result length is adjusted appropriately.  This does
       *  not necessarily indicate a truncation condition.
       */
      *result_length = MIN ((s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length), QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type));

      *result_size = *result_length;

      /*
       *  Calculate the number of characters from string1 that are already
       *  into the result.  If s1 string is larger than the expected entire
       *  string and if the portion of the string s1 contained anything but
       *  pad characters, then raise a truncation exception.
       */
      copy_length = s1_length;
      if (copy_length > *result_length)
    {
      copy_length = *result_length;

      if (varchar_truncated ((unsigned char *) s1, s1_type, s1_length, copy_length, codeset))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s1, copy_length, codeset, &copy_size);

      pad1_length = MIN (s1_logical_length, *result_length) - copy_length;
      length_left = *result_length - copy_length - pad1_length;

      /*
       *  Processess string2 as we did for string1.
       */
      cat_length = s2_length;
      if (cat_length > (*result_length - copy_length))
    {
      cat_length = *result_length - copy_length;

      if (varchar_truncated ((unsigned char *) s2, s2_type, s2_length, cat_length, codeset))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s2, cat_length, codeset, &cat_size);

      pad2_length = length_left - cat_length;

      /*
       *  Actually perform the copy operation.
       */
      cat_ptr = qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &(s1[copy_size]), pad1_length, codeset);

      memcpy ((char *) cat_ptr, (char *) s2, cat_size);
      (void) qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &cat_ptr[cat_size], pad2_length, codeset);
    }

  intl_char_size (s1, *result_length, codeset, result_size);

  return error_status;
}
#endif
/*
 * qstr_concatenate () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             s1: (IN)  First string pointer.
 *      s1_length: (IN)  Character length of <s1>.
 *        s1_size: (IN)  Byte size of <s1>.
 *   s1_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s1>.
 *        s1_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s1>.
 *             s2: (IN)  Second string pointer.
 *      s2_length: (IN)  Character length of <s2>.
 *        s2_size: (IN)  Byte size of <s2>.
 *   s2_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s2>.
 *        s2_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s2>.
 *        codeset: (IN)  international codeset.
 *         result: (OUT) Concatenated string pointer.
 *  result_length: (OUT) Character length of <result>.
 *    result_size: (OUT) Byte size of <result>.
 *    result_type: (OUT) Domain type of <result>
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 */

static int
qstr_concatenate (const unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_size_, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type,
          const unsigned char *s2, int s2_length, int s2_size_, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type,
          INTL_CODESET codeset, unsigned char **result, int *result_length, int *result_size,
          DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int copy_length, copy_size;
  int pad1_length, pad2_length;
  int length_left, cat_length, cat_size;
  int s1_logical_length, s2_logical_length;
  int s1_size, s2_size;
  unsigned char *cat_ptr;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  s1_size = s1_size_;
  s2_size = s2_size_;

  /*
   *  Categorize the source string into fixed and variable
   *  length.  Variable length strings are simple.  Fixed
   *  length strings have to be handled special since the
   *  strings may not have all of their pad character allocated
   *  yet.  We have to account for this and act as if all of the
   *  characters are present.  They all will be by the time
   *  we are through.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s1_type))
    {
      s1_logical_length = s1_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      s1_logical_length = s1_length;
    }


  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s2_type))
    {
      s2_logical_length = s2_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      s2_logical_length = s2_length;
    }

  /*
   *  If both source strings are fixed-length, the concatenated
   *  result will be fixed-length.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s1_type) && QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (s2_type))
    {
      /*
       * The only time we enter inside this if statement is 
       * when we are using the iso88591 codeset and a data type like char(100). 
       * This is because the size is not fixed in all other cases.
       */
      /*
       *  The result will be a chararacter string of length =
       *  string1_precision + string2_precision.  If the result
       *  length is greater than the maximum allowed for a fixed
       *  length string, the TRUNCATED exception is raised and
       *  the string is  shortened appropriately.
       */
      *result_length = s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length;
      if (*result_length > QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type))
    {
      *result_length = QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type);
      *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
    }

      if (s1_size == 0)
    {
      s1_size = s1_logical_length;
    }
      if (s2_size == 0)
    {
      s2_size = s2_logical_length;
    }

      *result_size = s1_size + s2_size;

      if (*result_size > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      goto size_error;
    }
      /* Allocate storage for the result string */
      *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) (*result_size) + 1);
      if (*result == NULL)
    {
      goto mem_error;
    }

      /*
       *  Determine how much of string1 needs to be copied.
       *  Remember that this may or may not include needed padding.
       *  Then determine how much padding must be added to each
       *  source string.
       */
      copy_length = MIN (s1_length, *result_length);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s1, copy_length, codeset, &copy_size);

      pad1_length = MIN (s1_logical_length, *result_length) - copy_length;
      length_left = *result_length - copy_length - pad1_length;

      /*
       *  Determine how much of string2 can be concatenated after
       *  string1.  Remember that string2 is concatentated after
       *  the full length of string1 including any necessary pad
       *  characters.
       */
      cat_length = MIN (s2_length, length_left);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s2, cat_length, codeset, &cat_size);

      pad2_length = length_left - cat_length;

      /*
       *  Copy the source strings into the result string
       */
      memcpy ((char *) *result, (char *) s1, copy_size);
      cat_ptr = qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &((*result)[copy_size]), pad1_length, codeset);

      memcpy ((char *) cat_ptr, (char *) s2, cat_size);
      (void) qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &cat_ptr[cat_size], pad2_length, codeset);
    }
  /*
   *  If either source string is variable-length, the concatenated
   *  result will be variable-length.
   */
  else
    {
      /*
       *  The result length will be the sum of the lengths of
       *  the two source strings.  If this is greater than the
       *  maximum length of a variable length string, then the
       *  result length is adjusted appropriately.  This does
       *  not necessarily indicate a truncation condition.
       */
      *result_length = MIN ((s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length), QSTR_MAX_PRECISION (s1_type));

      if (s1_size == 0)
    {
      s1_size = s1_logical_length;
    }
      if (s2_size == 0)
    {
      s2_size = s2_logical_length;
    }

      *result_size = s1_size + s2_size;

      if (*result_size > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      goto size_error;
    }

      /* Allocate the result string */
      *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) (*result_size) + 1);
      if (*result == NULL)
    {
      goto mem_error;
    }


      /*
       *  Calculate the number of characters from string1 that can
       *  be copied to the result.  If we cannot copy the entire
       *  string and if the portion of the string which was not
       *  copied contained anything but pad characters, then raise
       *  a truncation exception.
       */
      copy_length = s1_length;
      copy_size = s1_size;
      if (copy_length > *result_length)
    {
      copy_length = *result_length;
      copy_size = *result_size;

      if (varchar_truncated ((unsigned char *) s1, s1_type, s1_length, copy_length, codeset))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }

      pad1_length = MIN (s1_logical_length, *result_length) - copy_length;
      length_left = *result_length - copy_length - pad1_length;

      /*
       *  Processess string2 as we did for string1.
       */
      cat_length = s2_length;
      cat_size = s2_size;
      if (cat_length > (*result_length - copy_length))
    {
      cat_length = *result_length - copy_length;
      cat_size = *result_size - copy_size;

      if (varchar_truncated ((unsigned char *) s2, s2_type, s2_length, cat_length, codeset))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }

      pad2_length = length_left - cat_length;

      /*
       *  Actually perform the copy operations.
       */
      memcpy ((char *) *result, (char *) s1, copy_size);
      cat_ptr = qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &((*result)[copy_size]), pad1_length, codeset);

      memcpy ((char *) cat_ptr, (char *) s2, cat_size);
      (void) qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &cat_ptr[cat_size], pad2_length, codeset);
    }


  return error_status;

size_error:
  error_status = ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG;
  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, *result_size,
      (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));
  return error_status;
  /*
   * Error handler
   */
mem_error:
  assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
  error_status = er_errid ();
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_concatenate () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *           s1: (IN)  First string pointer.
 *    s1_length: (IN)  Character length of <s1>.
 * s1_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s1>.
 *      s1_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s1>.
 *           s2: (IN)  Second string pointer.
 *    s2_length: (IN)  Character length of <s2>.
 * s2_precision: (IN)  Max character length of <s2>.
 *      s2_type: (IN)  Domain type of <s2>.
 *       result: (OUT) Concatenated string pointer.
 * result_length: (OUT) Character length of <result>.
 *  result_size: (OUT) Byte size of <result>.
 *  result_type: (OUT) Domain type of <result>
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 */

static int
qstr_bit_concatenate (const unsigned char *s1, int s1_length, int s1_precision, DB_TYPE s1_type,
              const unsigned char *s2, int s2_length, int s2_precision, DB_TYPE s2_type, unsigned char **result,
              int *result_length, int *result_size, DB_TYPE * result_type, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int s1_size, s2_size;
  int copy_length, cat_length;
  int s1_logical_length, s2_logical_length;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /*
   *  Calculate the byte size of the strings.
   *  Calculate the bit length and byte size needed to concatenate
   *  the two strings without truncation.
   */
  s1_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (s1_length);
  s2_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (s2_length);


  /*
   *  Categorize the source string into fixed and variable
   *  length.  Variable length strings are simple.  Fixed
   *  length strings have to be handled special since the
   *  strings may not have all of their pad character allocated
   *  yet.  We have to account for this and act as if all of the
   *  characters are present.  They all will be by the time
   *  we are through.
   */
  s1_logical_length = (s1_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR) ? s1_precision : s1_length;
  s2_logical_length = (s2_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR) ? s2_precision : s2_length;

  if ((s1_type == DB_TYPE_BIT) && (s2_type == DB_TYPE_BIT))
    {
      /*
       *  The result will be a bit string of length =
       *  string1_precision + string2_precision.  If the result
       *  length is greater than the maximum allowed for a fixed
       *  length string, the TRUNCATED exception is raised and
       *  the string is shortened appropriately.
       */
      *result_type = DB_TYPE_BIT;
      *result_length = s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length;

      if (*result_length > DB_MAX_BIT_LENGTH)
    {
      *result_length = DB_MAX_BIT_LENGTH;
      *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
    }
      *result_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (*result_length);


      if (*result_size > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      goto size_error;
    }

      /* Allocate the result string */
      *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) (*result_size) + 1);
      if (*result == NULL)
    {
      goto mem_error;
    }

      /*
       *  The source strings may not be fully padded, so
       *  we pre-pad the result string.
       */
      (void) memset ((char *) *result, (int) 0, (int) *result_size);

      /*
       *  Determine how much of string1 needs to be copied.
       *  Remember that this may or may not include needed padding
       */
      copy_length = s1_length;
      if (copy_length > *result_length)
    {
      copy_length = *result_length;
    }

      /*
       *  Determine how much of string2 can be concatenated after
       *  string1.  Remember that string2 is concatentated after
       *  the full length of string1 including any necessary pad
       *  characters.
       */
      cat_length = s2_length;
      if (cat_length > (*result_length - s1_logical_length))
    {
      cat_length = *result_length - s1_logical_length;
    }


      /*
       *  Copy the source strings into the result string.
       *  We are being a bit sloppy here by performing a byte
       *  copy as opposed to a bit copy.  But this should be OK
       *  since the bit strings should be bit padded with 0' s */
      bit_ncat (*result, 0, (unsigned char *) s1, copy_length);
      bit_ncat (*result, s1_logical_length, (unsigned char *) s2, cat_length);
    }

  else              /* Assume DB_TYPE_VARBIT */
    {
      /*
       *  The result length will be the sum of the lengths of
       *  the two source strings.  If this is greater than the
       *  maximum length of a variable length string, then the
       *  result length is adjusted appropriately.  This does
       *  not necessarily indicate a truncation condition.
       */
      *result_type = DB_TYPE_VARBIT;
      *result_length = s1_logical_length + s2_logical_length;
      if (*result_length > DB_MAX_BIT_LENGTH)
    *result_length = DB_MAX_BIT_LENGTH;

      *result_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (*result_length);

      if (*result_size > (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES))
    {
      goto size_error;
    }
      /* Allocate storage for the result string */
      *result = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) (*result_size) + 1);
      if (*result == NULL)
    {
      goto mem_error;
    }

      /*
       *  The source strings may not be fully padded, so
       *  we pre-pad the result string.
       */
      (void) memset ((char *) *result, (int) 0, (int) *result_size);

      /*
       *  Calculate the number of bits from string1 that can
       *  be copied to the result.  If we cannot copy the entire
       *  string and if the portion of the string which was not
       *  copied contained anything but 0's, then raise a
       *  truncation exception.
       */
      copy_length = s1_length;
      if (copy_length > *result_length)
    {
      copy_length = *result_length;
      if (varbit_truncated (s1, s1_length, copy_length))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }

      /* Processess string2 as we did for string1. */
      cat_length = s2_length;
      if (cat_length > (*result_length - copy_length))
    {
      cat_length = *result_length - copy_length;
      if (varbit_truncated (s2, s2_length, cat_length))
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
        }
    }


      /*
       *  Actually perform the copy operations and
       *  place the result string in a container.
       */
      bit_ncat (*result, 0, (unsigned char *) s1, copy_length);
      bit_ncat (*result, copy_length, s2, cat_length);
    }

  return error_status;

size_error:
  error_status = ER_QPROC_STRING_SIZE_TOO_BIG;
  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, *result_size,
      (int) prm_get_bigint_value (PRM_ID_STRING_MAX_SIZE_BYTES));
  return error_status;

  /*
   *  Error handling
   */
mem_error:
  assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
  error_status = er_errid ();
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * varchar_truncated () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            s:  (IN) Pointer to input string.
 *     s_length:  (IN) Length of input string.
 *   used_chars:  (IN) Number of characters which were used by caller.
 *                     0 <= <used_chars> <= <s_length>
 *      codeset:  (IN) international codeset of input string.
 *
 * Returns: bool
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This is a convenience function which is used by the concatenation
 *     function to determine if a variable length string has been
 *     truncated.  When concatenating variable length strings, the string
 *     is not considered truncated if only pad characters were omitted.
 *
 *     This function accepts a string <s>, its length <s_length>, and
 *     a count of characters <used_chars>.  If the remaining characters
 *     are all pad characters, then the function returns true value.
 *     A False value is returned otherwise.
 *
 */

static bool
varchar_truncated (const unsigned char *s, DB_TYPE s_type, int s_length, int used_chars, INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  unsigned char pad[2];
  int pad_size = 0, trim_length, trim_size;
  int s_size;

  bool truncated = false;

  intl_pad_char (codeset, pad, &pad_size);
  intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) s, s_length, codeset, &s_size);

  qstr_trim_trailing (pad, pad_size, s, s_type, s_length, s_size, codeset, &trim_length, &trim_size, true);

  if (trim_length > used_chars)
    {
      truncated = true;
    }

  return truncated;
}

/*
 * varbit_truncated () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            s:  (IN) Pointer to input string.
 *     s_length:  (IN) Length of input string.
 *    used_bits:  (IN) Number of characters which were used by caller.
 *                     0 <= <used_chars> <= <s_length>
 *
 * Returns:
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This is a convenience function which is used by the concatenation
 *     function to determine if a variable length string has been
 *     truncated.  When concatenating variable length strings, the bit
 *     string is not considered truncated if only 0's were omitted.
 *
 *     This function accepts a string <s>, its length <s_length>, and
 *     a count of characters <used_chars>.  If the remaining characters
 *     are all 0's, then the function returns true value.  A False value
 *     is returned otherwise.
 *
 */

static bool
varbit_truncated (const unsigned char *s, int s_length, int used_bits)
{
  int last_set_bit;
  bool truncated = false;


  last_set_bit = bstring_fls ((char *) s, QSTR_NUM_BYTES (s_length));

  if (last_set_bit > used_bits)
    {
      truncated = true;
    }

  return truncated;
}

/*
 * bit_ncat () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            r: Pointer to bit string 1
 *       offset: Number of bits in string1
 *            s: Pointer to bit string 2
 *            n: Number of bits in string 2
 *
 * Returns: void
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Shift the bits of <s> onto the end of <r>.  This is a helper
 *   function to str_bit_concatenate.  This function shifts
 *   (concatenates) exactly the number of bits specified into the result
 *   buffer which must be preallocated to the correct size.
 *
 */

static void
bit_ncat (unsigned char *r, int offset, const unsigned char *s, int n)
{
  int i, copy_size, cat_size, total_size;
  unsigned int remainder, shift_amount;
  unsigned short tmp_shifted;
  unsigned char mask;

  copy_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (offset);
  cat_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (n);
  total_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (offset + n);

  remainder = offset % BYTE_SIZE;

  if (remainder == 0)
    {
      memcpy ((char *) &r[copy_size], (char *) s, cat_size);
    }
  else
    {
      int start_byte = copy_size - 1;

      shift_amount = BYTE_SIZE - remainder;
      mask = 0xff << shift_amount;

      /*
       *  tmp_shifted is loaded with a byte from the source
       *  string and shifted into poition.  The upper byte is
       *  used for the current destination location, while the
       *  lower byte is used by the next destination location.
       */
      for (i = start_byte; i < total_size; i++)
    {
      tmp_shifted = (unsigned short) (s[i - start_byte]);
      tmp_shifted = tmp_shifted << shift_amount;
      r[i] = (r[i] & mask) | (tmp_shifted >> BYTE_SIZE);

      if (i < (total_size - 1))
        {
          r[i + 1] = (unsigned char) (tmp_shifted & (unsigned short) 0xff);
        }
    }
    }

  /* Mask out the unused bits */
  mask = 0xff << (BYTE_SIZE - ((offset + n) % BYTE_SIZE));
  if (mask != 0)
    {
      r[total_size - 1] &= mask;
    }
}

/*
 * bstring_fls () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *            s: Pointer to source bit string
 *            n: Number of bits in string1
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   Find the last set bit in the bit string.  The bits are numbered left
 *   to right starting at 1.  A value of 0 indicates that no set bits were
 *   found in the string.
 *
 */

static int
bstring_fls (const char *s, int n)
{
  int byte_num, bit_num, inter_bit_num;


  /*
   *  We are looking for the first non-zero byte (starting at the end).
   */
  byte_num = n - 1;
  while ((byte_num >= 0) && ((int) (s[byte_num]) == 0))
    {
      byte_num--;
    }

  /*
   *  If byte_num is < 0, then the string is all 0's.
   *  Othersize, byte_num is the index for the first byte which has
   *  some bits set (from the end).
   */
  if (byte_num < 0)
    {
      bit_num = 0;
    }
  else
    {
      inter_bit_num = (int) qstr_ffs ((int) (s[byte_num]));
      bit_num = (byte_num * BYTE_SIZE) + (BYTE_SIZE - inter_bit_num + 1);
    }

  return bit_num;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_coerce () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        src_string:  (In) Source string
 *       dest_string: (Out) Coerced string
 *
 * Returns: DB_DATA_STATUS
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This is a helper function which performs the actual coercion for
 *   bit strings.  It is called from db_bit_string_coerce().
 *
 *   If any loss of data due to truncation occurs DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED
 *   is returned.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_bit_coerce (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int src_precision, DB_TYPE src_type, unsigned char **dest,
         int *dest_length, int dest_precision, DB_TYPE dest_type, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int src_padded_length, copy_size, dest_size, copy_length;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;

  /*
   *  <src_padded_length> is the length of the fully padded
   *  source string.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (src_type))
    {
      src_padded_length = src_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      src_padded_length = src_length;
    }

  /*
   *  If there is not enough precision in the destination string,
   *  then some bits will be omited from the source string.
   */
  if (src_padded_length > dest_precision)
    {
      int i, n = 0;
      i = dest_precision / 8;
      if (src[i] & (0x80 >> (dest_precision % 8)) || ((src[i] << (dest_precision % 8)) & 0xff))
    {
      *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
    }
      else
    {
      i++;          /* for check reamin trailing bits */
      for (; i < (src_padded_length + 4) / 8; i++)
        {
          if (src[i])
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
          break;
        }
        }
    }
      src_padded_length = dest_precision;
    }

  copy_length = MIN (src_length, src_padded_length);
  copy_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (copy_length);

  /*
   *  For fixed-length destination strings...
   *    Allocate the destination precision size, copy the source
   *    string and pad the rest.
   *
   *  For variable-length destination strings...
   *    Allocate enough for a fully padded source string, copy
   *    the source string and pad the rest.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (dest_type))
    {
      *dest_length = dest_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      *dest_length = MIN (src_padded_length, dest_precision);
    }

  dest_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (*dest_length);

  *dest = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, dest_size + 1);
  if (*dest == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
  else
    {
      bit_ncat (*dest, 0, src, copy_length);
      (void) memset ((char *) &((*dest)[copy_size]), (int) 0, (dest_size - copy_size));
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_coerce () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        src_string:  (In) Source string
 *       dest_string: (Out) Coerced string
 *
 * Returns: DB_DATA_STATUS
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *   This is a helper function which performs the actual coercion for
 *   character strings.  It is called from db_char_string_coerce().
 *
 *   If any loss of data due to truncation occurs DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED
 *   is returned.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_coerce (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int src_precision, DB_TYPE src_type, INTL_CODESET src_codeset,
         INTL_CODESET dest_codeset, unsigned char **dest, int *dest_length, int *dest_size, int dest_precision,
         DB_TYPE dest_type, DB_DATA_STATUS * data_status)
{
  int src_padded_length, copy_length, copy_size;
  int alloc_size;
  unsigned char *end_of_string;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *data_status = DATA_STATUS_OK;
  *dest_size = 0;

  /*
   *  <src_padded_length> is the length of the fully padded
   *  source string.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (src_type))
    {
      src_padded_length = src_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      src_padded_length = src_length;
    }

  /*
   *  Some characters will be truncated if there is not enough
   *  precision in the destination string.  If any of the
   *  truncated characters are non-pad characters, a truncation
   *  exception is raised.
   */
  if (src_padded_length > dest_precision)
    {
      src_padded_length = dest_precision;
      if ((src_length > src_padded_length)
      && (varchar_truncated (src, src_type, src_length, src_padded_length, src_codeset)))
    {
      *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
    }
    }

  copy_length = MIN (src_length, src_padded_length);

  /*
   *  For fixed-length destination strings...
   *    Allocate the destination precision size, copy the source
   *    string and pad the rest.
   *
   *  For variable-length destination strings...
   *    Allocate enough for a fully padded source string, copy
   *    the source string and pad the rest.
   */
  if (QSTR_IS_FIXED_LENGTH (dest_type))
    {
      *dest_length = dest_precision;
    }
  else
    {
      *dest_length = src_padded_length;
    }

  if (dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_RAW_BYTES)
    {
      /* when coercing multibyte to binary charset, we just reinterpret each byte as one character */
      if (INTL_CODESET_MULT (src_codeset) > 1)
    {
      assert (dest_precision != TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE);

      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) src, copy_length, src_codeset, &copy_size);
      if (copy_size > dest_precision)
        {
          *data_status = DATA_STATUS_TRUNCATED;
          copy_size = dest_precision;
        }
      copy_length = copy_size;
      if (QSTR_IS_VARIABLE_LENGTH (dest_type))
        {
          *dest_length = copy_length;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      copy_size = copy_length;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* copy_length = number of characters, count the bytes according to source codeset */
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) src, copy_length, src_codeset, &copy_size);
    }

  alloc_size = INTL_CODESET_MULT (dest_codeset) * (*dest_length);

  /* fix allocation size enough to fit copy size plus pad size */
  {
    unsigned char pad[2];
    int pad_size = 0;

    intl_pad_char (dest_codeset, pad, &pad_size);
    alloc_size = MAX (alloc_size, copy_size + (*dest_length - copy_length) * pad_size);
  }

  if (!alloc_size)
    {
      alloc_size = 1;
    }

  *dest = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, alloc_size + 1);
  if (*dest == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
  else
    {
      int conv_status = 0;

      assert (copy_size >= 0);
      if (copy_size == 0)
    {
      assert (alloc_size > 0);
      **dest = '\0';
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_ISO88591 && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_fast_iso88591_to_utf8 (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_euckr_to_utf8 (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8 && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_utf8_to_euckr (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_ISO88591 && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_iso88591_to_euckr (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8 && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_ISO88591)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_utf8_to_iso88591 (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC && dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_ISO88591)
    {
      int conv_size = 0;

      assert (copy_size > 0);
      conv_status = intl_euckr_to_iso88591 (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
      copy_size = conv_size;
    }
      else
    {
      assert (copy_size <= alloc_size);

      if (src_codeset == INTL_CODESET_RAW_BYTES && (INTL_CODESET_MULT (dest_codeset) > 1))
        {
          int conv_size = 0;

          if (dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
        {
          intl_binary_to_utf8 (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
        }
          else
        {
          assert (dest_codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC);
          intl_binary_to_euckr (src, copy_size, dest, &conv_size);
        }
          copy_size = conv_size;
        }
      else
        {
          (void) memcpy ((char *) *dest, (char *) src, (int) copy_size);
        }
    }

      end_of_string =
    qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) &((*dest)[copy_size]), (*dest_length - copy_length), dest_codeset);
      *dest_size = CAST_STRLEN (end_of_string - (*dest));

      if (conv_status != 0)
    {
      /* conversion error occured, re-count characters so that we comply to computed precision */
      (void) intl_char_size (*dest, *dest_length, dest_codeset, dest_size);
      end_of_string = (*dest) + *dest_size;
      *end_of_string = '\0';
    }

      assert (*dest_size <= alloc_size);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_position () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *        sub_string: String fragment to search for within <src_string>.
 *        sub_length: Number of characters in sub_string.
 *        src_string: String to be searched.
 *  src_string_bound: Bound of string buffer:
 *            end of string buffer, if 'is_forward_search == true'
 *            start of string buffer, if 'is_forward_search == false'
 *        src_length: Number of characters in src_string.
 * is_forward_search: forward search or backward search.
 *           codeset: Codeset of strings.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This function accepts a source string <src_sring> and a string
 *     string fragment <sub_string> and returns the character position
 *     corresponding to the first occurrence of <sub_string> within
 *     <src_string>.
 *
 *     This function works with National character strings.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_position (const char *sub_string, const int sub_size, const int sub_length, const char *src_string,
           const char *src_end, const char *src_string_bound, int src_length, int coll_id, bool is_forward_search,
           int *position)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int dummy;

  *position = 0;

  if (sub_length == 0)
    {
      *position = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      int i, num_searches, current_position, result;
      const unsigned char *ptr;
      int char_size;
      LANG_COLLATION *lc;
      INTL_CODESET codeset;

      lc = lang_get_collation (coll_id);
      assert (lc != NULL);

      codeset = lc->codeset;

      /*
       *  Since the entire sub-string must be matched, a reduced
       *  number of compares <num_searches> are needed.  A collation-based
       *  comparison will be used.
       */
      if (lc->coll.uca_exp_num > 1 || lc->coll.count_contr > 0)
    {
      /* characters may not match one-by-one */
      num_searches = src_length;
    }
      else
    {
      num_searches = src_length - sub_length + 1;
      if (sub_length > src_length)
        {
          *position = 0;
          return error_status;
        }
    }

      /*
       *  Starting at the first position of the string, match the
       *  sub-string to the source string.  If a match is not found,
       *  then increment into the source string by one character and
       *  try again.  This is repeated until a match is found, or
       *  there are no more comparisons to be made.
       */
      const unsigned char *usub_string = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, sub_string);
      const unsigned char *usrc_end = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, src_end);
      const unsigned char *usrc_string = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, src_string);
      const unsigned char *usrc_string_bound = REINTERPRET_CAST (const unsigned char *, src_string_bound);

      ptr = usrc_string;
      current_position = 0;
      result = 1;

      for (i = 0; i < num_searches; i++)
    {
      result = QSTR_MATCH (coll_id, ptr, CAST_BUFLEN (usrc_end - ptr), usub_string, sub_size, NULL, false, &dummy);
      current_position++;
      if (result == 0)
        {
          break;
        }

      if (is_forward_search)
        {
          if (ptr >= usrc_string_bound)
        {
          break;
        }

          INTL_NEXT_CHAR (ptr, ptr, codeset, &char_size);
        }
      else
        {
          /* backward */
          if (ptr > usrc_string_bound)
        {
          ptr = intl_prev_char (ptr, usrc_string_bound, codeset, &char_size);
        }
          else
        {
          break;
        }
        }
    }

      /*
       *  Return the position of the match, if found.
       */
      if (result == 0)
    {
      *position = current_position;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_position () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      sub_string: String fragment to search for within <src_string>.
 *      sub_length: Number of characters in sub_string.
 *      src_string: String to be searched.
 *      src_length: Number of characters in src_string.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This function accepts a source string <src_sring> and a string
 *     string fragment <sub_string> and returns the bit position
 *     corresponding to the first occurance of <sub_string> within
 *     <src_string>.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_bit_position (const unsigned char *sub_string, int sub_length, const unsigned char *src_string, int src_length,
           int *position)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  *position = 0;

  if (sub_length == 0)
    {
      *position = 1;
    }

  else if (sub_length > src_length)
    {
      *position = 0;
    }

  else
    {
      int i, num_searches, result;
      int sub_size, sub_remainder, shift_amount;
      unsigned char *ptr, *tmp_string, tmp_byte, mask;

      num_searches = src_length - sub_length + 1;
      sub_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (sub_length);

      sub_remainder = sub_length % BYTE_SIZE;
      shift_amount = BYTE_SIZE - sub_remainder;
      mask = 0xff << shift_amount;

      /*
       *  We will be manipulating the source string prior to
       *  comparison.  So that we do not corrupt the source string,
       *  we'll allocate a storage area so that we can make a copy
       *  of the string.  This copy need only be he length of the
       *  sub-string since that is the limit of the comparison.
       */
      tmp_string = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) sub_size + 1);
      if (tmp_string == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
      else
    {
      ptr = (unsigned char *) src_string;

      /*
       *  Make a copy of the source string.
       *  Initialize the bit index.
       */
      (void) memcpy ((char *) tmp_string, (char *) ptr, sub_size);
      i = 0;
      result = 1;

      while ((i < num_searches) && (result != 0))
        {
          /* Pad the irrelevant bits of the source string with 0's */
          tmp_byte = tmp_string[sub_size - 1];
          tmp_string[sub_size - 1] &= mask;

          /* Compare the source string with the sub-string */
          result = memcmp (sub_string, tmp_string, sub_size);

          /* Restore the padded byte to its original value */
          tmp_string[sub_size - 1] = tmp_byte;

          /* Shift the copied source string left one bit */
          (void) shift_left (tmp_string, sub_size);

          i++;

          /*
           *  Every time we hit a byte boundary,
           *  Move on to the next byte of the source string.
           */
          if ((i % BYTE_SIZE) == 0)
        {
          ptr++;
          memcpy (tmp_string, ptr, sub_size);
        }
        }


      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, tmp_string);

      /*
       *  If a match was found, then return the position
       *  of the match.
       */
      if (result == 0)
        {
          *position = i;
        }
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * shift_left () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             bit_string: Byte array representing a bit string.
 *        bit_string_size: Number of bytes in the array.
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Shift the bit string left one bit.  The left most bit is shifted out
 *     and returned.  A 0 is inserted into the rightmost bit position.
 *     The entire array is shifted regardless of the number of significant
 *     bits in the array.
 *
 */

static int
shift_left (unsigned char *bit_string, int bit_string_size)
{
  int i, highest_bit;


  highest_bit = ((bit_string[0] & 0x80) != 0);
  bit_string[0] = bit_string[0] << 1;

  for (i = 1; i < bit_string_size; i++)
    {
      if (bit_string[i] & 0x80)
    {
      bit_string[i - 1] |= 0x01;
    }

      bit_string[i] = bit_string[i] << 1;
    }

  return highest_bit;
}

/*
 * qstr_substring () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: Source string.
 *         start_position: Starting character position of sub-string.
 *      extraction_length: Length of sub-string.
 *             sub_string: Returned sub-string.
 *
 * Returns: void
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Extract the sub-string from the source string.  The sub-string is
 *     specified by a starting position and length.
 *
 *     This functions works on character and national character strings.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_substring (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int start, int length, INTL_CODESET codeset,
        unsigned char **r, int *r_length, int *r_size)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  const unsigned char *sub;
  int src_size, leading_bytes;
  *r_size = 0;

  /* Get the size of the source string. */
  intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) src, src_length, codeset, &src_size);

  /*
   * Perform some error chaecking.
   * If the starting position is < 1, then set it to 1.
   * If the starting position is after the end of the source string,
   * then set the sub-string length to 0.
   * If the sub-string length will extend beyond the end of the source string,
   * then shorten the sub-string length to fit.
   */
  if (start < 1)
    {
      start = 1;
    }

  if (start > src_length)
    {
      start = 1;
      length = 0;
    }

  if ((length < 0) || ((start + length - 1) > src_length))
    {
      length = src_length - start + 1;
    }

  *r_length = length;

  /*
   *  Get a pointer to the start of the sub-string and the
   *  size of the sub-string.
   *
   *  Compute the starting byte of the sub-string.
   *  Compute the length of the sub-string in bytes.
   */
  intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) src, (start - 1), codeset, &leading_bytes);
  sub = &(src[leading_bytes]);
  intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) sub, *r_length, codeset, r_size);

  *r = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) ((*r_size) + 1));
  if (*r == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
  else
    {
      (void) memcpy (*r, sub, *r_size);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * qstr_bit_substring () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             src_string: Source string.
 *         start_position: Starting character position of sub-string.
 *      extraction_length: Length of sub-string.
 *             sub_string: Returned sub-string.
 *
 * Returns: void
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Extract the sub-string from the source string.  The sub-string is
 *     specified by a starting position and length.
 *
 *     This functions works on bit strings.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_bit_substring (const unsigned char *src, int src_length, int start, int length, unsigned char **r, int *r_length)
{
  int src_size, sub_size, rem;
  unsigned char trailing_mask;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  src_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (src_length);

  /*
   *  Perform some error checking.
   *  If the starting position is < 1, then set it to 1.
   *  If the starting position is after the end of the source
   *    string, then set the sub-string length to 0.
   *  If the sub-string length will extend beyond the end of the
   *    source string, then shorten the sub-string length to fit.
   */
  if (start < 1)
    {
      start = 1;
    }

  if (start > src_length)
    {
      start = 1;
      length = 0;
    }

  if ((length < 0) || ((start + length - 1) > src_length))
    {
      length = src_length - start + 1;
    }

  sub_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (length);
  *r_length = length;

  rem = length % BYTE_SIZE;
  if (rem == 0)
    {
      trailing_mask = 0xff;
    }
  else
    {
      trailing_mask = 0xff << (BYTE_SIZE - rem);
    }

  /*
   *  Allocate storage for the sub-string.
   *  Copy the sub-string.
   */
  *r = (unsigned char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) sub_size + 1);
  if (*r == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
    }
  else
    {
      left_nshift (src, src_size, (start - 1), *r, sub_size);
      (*r)[sub_size - 1] &= trailing_mask;
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * left_nshift () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             bit_string: Byte array containing the bit string.
 *        bit_string_size: Size of the bit array in bytes.
 *           shift_amount: Number of bit positions to shift by.
 *                             range: 0 <= shift_amount
 *                      r: Pointer to result buffer where the shifted bit
 *                         array will be stored.
 *                 r_size: Size of the result array in bytes.
 *
 * Returns: void
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Shift the bit string left <shift_amount> bits.  The left most bits
 *     are shifted out.  0's are inserted into the rightmost bit positions.
 *     The entire array is shifted regardless of the number of significant
 *     bits in the array.
 *
 */

static void
left_nshift (const unsigned char *bit_string, int bit_string_size, int shift_amount, unsigned char *r, int r_size)
{
  int i, shift_bytes, shift_bits, adj_bit_string_size;
  const unsigned char *ptr;

  shift_bytes = shift_amount / BYTE_SIZE;
  shift_bits = shift_amount % BYTE_SIZE;
  ptr = &(bit_string[shift_bytes]);

  adj_bit_string_size = bit_string_size - shift_bytes;

  for (i = 0; i < r_size; i++)
    {
      if (i < (adj_bit_string_size - 1))
    {
      r[i] = ((ptr[i] << shift_bits) | (ptr[i + 1] >> (BYTE_SIZE - shift_bits)));
    }
      else if (i == (adj_bit_string_size - 1))
    {
      r[i] = (ptr[i] << shift_bits);
    }
      else
    {
      r[i] = 0;
    }
    }
}

/*
 *  The version below handles multibyte character sets by promoting all
 *  characters to two bytes each.  Unfortunately, the current implementation
 *  of the regular expression package has some limitations with characters
 *  that are not char sized.  The above version works with char sized
 *  sets only and therefore will not work with national character sets.
 */

/*
 * qstr_ffs () -
 *   Returns: int
 *   v: (IN) Source string.
 *
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Finds the first bit set in the passed argument and returns
 *     the index of that bit.  Bits are numbered starting at 1
 *     from the right.  A return value of 0 indicates that the value
 *     passed is zero.
 *
 */

static int
qstr_ffs (int v)
{
  int nbits;

  int i = 0;
  int position = 0;
  unsigned int uv = (unsigned int) v;

  nbits = sizeof (int) * 8;

  if (uv != 0)
    {
      while ((i < nbits) && (position == 0))
    {
      if (uv & 0x01)
        {
          position = i + 1;
        }

      i++;
      uv >>= 1;
    }
    }

  return position;
}

/*
 * hextoi () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *             hex_char: (IN) Character containing ASCII hex character
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     Returns the decimal value associated with the ASCII hex character.
 *     Will return a -1 if hex_char is not a hexadecimal ASCII character.
 *
 */

static int
hextoi (char hex_char)
{
  if ((hex_char >= '0') && (hex_char <= '9'))
    {
      return (hex_char - '0');
    }
  else if ((hex_char >= 'A') && (hex_char <= 'F'))
    {
      return (hex_char - 'A' + 10);
    }
  else if ((hex_char >= 'a') && (hex_char <= 'f'))
    {
      return (hex_char - 'a' + 10);
    }
  else
    {
      return (-1);
    }
}

/*
 * set_time_argument() - construct struct tm
 *   return:
 *   dest(out):
 *   year(in):
 *   month(in):
 *   day(in):
 *   hour(in):
 *   min(in):
 *   sec(in):
 */
static void
set_time_argument (struct tm *dest, int year, int month, int day, int hour, int min, int sec)
{
  if (year >= 1900)
    {
      dest->tm_year = year - 1900;
    }
  else
    {
      dest->tm_year = -1;
    }
  dest->tm_mon = month - 1;
  dest->tm_mday = day;
  dest->tm_hour = hour;
  dest->tm_min = min;
  dest->tm_sec = sec;
  dest->tm_isdst = -1;
}

/*
 * calc_unix_timestamp() - calculates UNIX timestamp
 *   return:
 *   time_argument(in):
 */
static long
calc_unix_timestamp (struct tm *time_argument)
{
  time_t result;

  if (time_argument != NULL)
    {
      /* validation for tm fields in order to cover for mktime conversion's like 40th of Sept equals 10th of Oct */
      if (time_argument->tm_year < 0 || time_argument->tm_year > 9999 || time_argument->tm_mon < 0
      || time_argument->tm_mon > 11 || time_argument->tm_mday < 1 || time_argument->tm_mday > 31
      || time_argument->tm_hour < 0 || time_argument->tm_hour > 23 || time_argument->tm_min < 0
      || time_argument->tm_min > 59 || time_argument->tm_sec < 0 || time_argument->tm_sec > 59)
    {
      return -1L;
    }
      result = mktime (time_argument);
    }
  else
    {
      result = time (NULL);
    }

  if (result < (time_t) 0)
    {
      return -1L;
    }
  return (long) result;
}

#if defined (ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * parse_for_next_int () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         ch: char position from which we start parsing
 *     output: integer read
 *
 * Returns: -1 if error, 0 if success
 *
 * Note:
 *  parses a string for integers while skipping non-alpha delimitators
 */
static int
parse_for_next_int (char **ch, char *output)
{
  int i;
  /* we need in fact only 6 (upper bound for the integers we want) */
  char buf[16];

  i = 0;
  memset (buf, 0, sizeof (buf));

  /* trailing zeroes - accept only 2 (for year 00 which is short for 2000) */
  while (**ch == '0')
    {
      if (i < 2)
    {
      buf[i++] = **ch;
    }
      (*ch)++;
    }

  while (i < 6 && char_isdigit (**ch) && **ch != 0)
    {
      buf[i++] = **ch;
      (*ch)++;
    }
  if (i > 6)
    {
      return -1;
    }
  strcpy (output, buf);

  /* skip all delimitators */
  while (**ch != 0 && !char_isalpha (**ch) && !char_isdigit (**ch))
    {
      (*ch)++;
    }
  return 0;
}
#endif
/*
 * db_unix_timestamp () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         src_date: datetime from which we calculate timestamp
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 * Returns a Unix timestamp (seconds since '1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC)
 */
int
db_unix_timestamp (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result_timestamp)
{
  DB_TYPE type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  time_t ts = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result_timestamp);
      return error_status;
    }

  type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_date);
  switch (type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      {
    DB_VALUE *dt_tz_p;
    DB_VALUE dt;
    TP_DOMAIN *tp_datetime;
    TP_DOMAIN *tp_datetimetz;
    DB_DATETIME datetime;
    DB_TIMESTAMP timestamp;
    DB_DATE date;

    dt_tz_p = &dt;
    if (type != DB_TYPE_DATETIME && type != DB_TYPE_DATE)
      {
        tp_datetimetz = db_type_to_db_domain (DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ);

        if (tp_value_cast (src_date, dt_tz_p, tp_datetimetz, false) == DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
          {
        type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
          }
        else
          {
        tp_datetime = db_type_to_db_domain (DB_TYPE_DATETIME);

        if (tp_value_cast (src_date, dt_tz_p, tp_datetime, false) == DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
          {
            type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
            /* Clear error from cast to DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ. */
            er_clear ();
          }
        else
          {
            error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            db_make_null (result_timestamp);
            return ER_FAILED;
          }
          }

        assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (dt_tz_p) == type);
      }
    else
      {
        dt_tz_p = (DB_VALUE *) src_date;
      }

    /* The supported datetime range is '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC */

    if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
      {
        DB_DATETIMETZ *datetimetz;

        datetimetz = db_get_datetimetz (dt_tz_p);
        datetime = datetimetz->datetime;
        datetime.time /= 1000;
      }
    else if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
      {
        datetime = *db_get_datetime (dt_tz_p);
        datetime.time /= 1000;
      }
    else
      {
        assert (type == DB_TYPE_DATE);
        date = *db_get_date (dt_tz_p);
        datetime.date = date;
        datetime.time = 0;
      }

    if (type == DB_TYPE_DATE || type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
      {
        error_status = db_timestamp_encode (&timestamp, &datetime.date, &datetime.time);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        return error_status;
          }
      }
    else
      {
        assert (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ);
        error_status = db_timestamp_encode_utc (&datetime.date, &datetime.time, &timestamp);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        return error_status;
          }
      }

    db_make_int (result_timestamp, timestamp);
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ *datetimetz;
    DB_DATETIME datetime;
    DB_TIMESTAMP timestamp;

    if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
      {
        datetimetz = db_get_datetimetz (src_date);
        datetime = datetimetz->datetime;
      }
    else
      {
        datetime = *db_get_datetime (src_date);
      }

    datetime.time /= 1000;
    error_status = db_timestamp_encode_utc (&datetime.date, &datetime.time, &timestamp);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }
    db_make_int (result_timestamp, timestamp);

    return NO_ERROR;
      }

      /* a TIMESTAMP format */
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      /* The supported timestamp range is '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC */
      ts = *db_get_timestamp (src_date);
      /* supplementary conversion from long to int will be needed on 64 bit platforms.  */
      db_make_int (result_timestamp, (int) ts);
      return NO_ERROR;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *timestamp_tz;
    timestamp_tz = db_get_timestamptz (src_date);
    ts = timestamp_tz->timestamp;
    db_make_int (result_timestamp, (int) ts);
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    default:
      db_make_null (result_timestamp);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  db_make_null (result_timestamp);
  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
  return ER_FAILED;
}

/*
 * db_datetime_to_timestamp () - create a timestamp DB_VALUE from a datetime
 *    DB_VALUE
 *
 * src_datetime(in):
 * result_timestamp(in):
 * return: ERROR_CODE
 */
int
db_datetime_to_timestamp (const DB_VALUE * src_datetime, DB_VALUE * result_timestamp)
{
  DB_DATETIME *tmp_datetime;
  DB_DATE tmp_date;
  DB_TIME tmp_time;
  DB_TIMESTAMP tmp_timestamp;
  int error;
  DB_VALUE temp, *temp_p;
  bool same_argument = (src_datetime == result_timestamp);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_datetime))
    {
      db_make_null (result_timestamp);

      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (same_argument)
    {
      /* if the result argument is the same with the source argument, then use a temporary value for creating the
       * timestamp */
      temp_p = &temp;
    }
  else
    {
      /* the result_timestamp value can be used and no other temporary values are needed */
      temp_p = result_timestamp;
    }

  error = db_value_domain_init (temp_p, DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
  if (error != NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* error message has been set */
      return error;
    }

  tmp_datetime = db_get_datetime (src_datetime);
  tmp_date = tmp_datetime->date;
  tmp_time = tmp_datetime->time / 1000;
  error = db_timestamp_encode_ses (&tmp_date, &tmp_time, &tmp_timestamp, NULL);
  if (error != NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* error message has been set */
      return error;
    }
  db_make_timestamp (temp_p, tmp_timestamp);

  if (same_argument)
    {
      /* if src_datetime was the same with result_timestamp, copy the result from temp, and release the temporary value */
      pr_clone_value (temp_p, result_timestamp);
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

int
db_timestamp_to_datetime (const DB_VALUE * src_timestamp, DB_VALUE * result_datetime)
{
  time_t sec;
  struct tm tm_val;
  DB_DATETIME datetime = DATETIME_NULL_VALUE;

  sec = (time_t) * db_get_timestamp (src_timestamp);
  if (sec != 0)
    {
      if (localtime_r (&sec, &tm_val) == NULL)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_SYSTEM_DATE, 0);
      return ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
    }

      db_datetime_encode (&datetime, tm_val.tm_mon + 1, tm_val.tm_mday,
              tm_val.tm_year + 1900, tm_val.tm_hour, tm_val.tm_min, tm_val.tm_sec, 0);
    }
  db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &datetime);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_get_date_dayofyear () - compute day of year from a date type value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to compute the day of year
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_dayofyear (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;
  int day_of_year = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  error_status = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, NULL);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (year == 0 && month == 0 && day == 0 && hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  day_of_year = db_get_day_of_year (year, month, day);
  db_make_int (result, day_of_year);

  return NO_ERROR;

error_exit:
  /* This function should return NULL if src_date is an invalid parameter or Zero date. Clear the error generated by
   * the function call and return null. */
  er_clear ();
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
  return error_status;
}

#if !defined (SERVER_MODE)
/*
 * db_get_date_weekday () - compute day of week from a date type value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to compute the week day
 *    mode    : the mode in which week days are numbered
 *          0 = Monday, ..., 6 = Sunday or
 *          1 = Sunday, ..., 7 = Saturday
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_weekday (const DB_VALUE * src_date, const int mode, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;
  int day_of_week = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  error_status = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, NULL);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (year == 0 && month == 0 && day == 0 && hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  /* 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, etc */
  day_of_week = db_get_day_of_week (year, month, day);

  switch (mode)
    {
    case PT_WEEKDAY:
      /* 0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ..., 6 = Sunday */
      if (day_of_week == 0)
    {
      day_of_week = 6;
    }
      else
    {
      day_of_week--;
    }
      db_make_int (result, day_of_week);
      break;

    case PT_DAYOFWEEK:
      /* 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday */
      day_of_week++;
      db_make_int (result, day_of_week);
      break;

    default:
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
      break;
    }

  return NO_ERROR;

error_exit:
  /* This function should return NULL if src_date is an invalid parameter or zero date. Clear the error generated by
   * the function call and return null. */
  er_clear ();
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
  return error_status;
}
#endif /* !defined (SERVER_MODE) */

/*
 * db_get_date_quarter () - compute quarter from a date type value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to compute the quarter
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_quarter (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;
  char const *endp = NULL;
  int retval;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  retval = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, &endp);
  if (retval != NO_ERROR || (endp && *endp && !char_isspace (*endp)))
    {
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
    }

  if (year == 0 && month == 0 && day == 0 && hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      /* This function should return 0 if src_date is zero date */
      db_make_int (result, 0);
    }
  /* db_datetime_decode returned NO_ERROR so we can calculate the quarter */
  else if (month == 0)
    {
      assert (false);
      db_make_int (result, 0);
    }
  else if (month < 0 || month > 12)
    {
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  else
    {
      const int quarter = (month - 1) / 3 + 1;
      db_make_int (result, quarter);
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_get_date_totaldays () - compute the number of days from the date 0 AD
 *                until the day represented by src_date
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to compute the number of days
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_totaldays (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;
  int leap_years = 0, total_days = 0, days_this_year = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  error_status = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, NULL);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (year == 0 && month == 0 && day == 0 && hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  leap_years = count_leap_years_up_to (year - 1);
  days_this_year = db_get_day_of_year (year, month, day);
  total_days = year * 365 + leap_years + days_this_year;
  db_make_int (result, total_days);

  return NO_ERROR;

error_exit:
  er_clear ();
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_get_date_from_days () - computes a date by adding the number of days
 *                represented by src to the year 0 AD
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src: number from which to compute the date
 *
 * Returns: date
 */
int
db_get_date_from_days (const DB_VALUE * src, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int year = 0;
  int month = 0;
  int day = 0;
  int week = 0;
  int int_value = 0;
  int julian_day = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src, &int_value) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      int_value = 0;
    }

  /* The count should start from day 0001-01-01. Because year 0 is considered special, this function should return
   * 0000-00-00 for less than 366 days */
  if (int_value < 366)
    {
      db_make_date (result, 0, 0, 0);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  julian_day = julian_encode (1, 1, 1);

  /* Subtract 364 from the Julian Day to start counting from 0001-01-01 */
  julian_day += int_value - 364;

  julian_decode (julian_day, &month, &day, &year, &week);

  if (year > 9999)
    {
      db_make_date (result, 0, 0, 0);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  db_make_date (result, month, day, year);
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_add_days_to_year () - computes a date by adding the number of days
 *              contained in src_days to the date 01/01/src_year
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_year: the year to add days to
 *    src_days: the number of days to add
 *
 * Returns: date
 */
int
db_add_days_to_year (const DB_VALUE * src_year, const DB_VALUE * src_days, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int year_value = 0;
  int days_value = 0;
  int julian_day = 0;
  int year = 0, month = 0, day = 0, week = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_year) || DB_IS_NULL (src_days))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src_year, &year_value) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  if (db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src_days, &days_value) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  /* days<=0 or year_value <0 are invalid values */
  if (days_value <= 0 || year_value < 0)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  /* correct the year value by applying the following rules: - if 0 <= year <= 69 then consider year as 20yy (e.g.: 33
   * is 2033) - if 70 <= year <= 99 then consider year as 19yy (e.g.: 71 is 1971) */
  if (year_value < 70)
    {
      year_value += 2000;
    }
  else if (year_value >= 70 && year_value < 100)
    {
      year_value += 1900;
    }

  julian_day = julian_encode (1, 1, year_value);
  julian_day += days_value - 1;
  julian_decode (julian_day, &month, &day, &year, &week);

  if (year > 9999)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  db_make_date (result, month, day, year);
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  db_make_null (result);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
  return ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
}

/*
 * db_convert_to_time () - creates a time value from the given hour, minute,
 *             second
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_hour: the hour
 *    src_minute: the minute
 *    src_second: the second
 *
 * Returns: date
 */
int
db_convert_to_time (const DB_VALUE * src_hour, const DB_VALUE * src_minute, const DB_VALUE * src_second,
            DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_hour) || DB_IS_NULL (src_minute) || DB_IS_NULL (src_second))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src_hour, &hour) != NO_ERROR || db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src_minute, &minute) != NO_ERROR
      || db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src_second, &second) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  if (minute >= 60 || minute < 0 || second >= 60 || second < 0 || hour >= 24 || hour < 0)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  db_make_time (result, hour, minute, second);
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  db_make_null (result);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
  return ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
}

/*
 * db_convert_sec_to_time() - convert a value that represents a number of
 *                seconds into a time value
 *                (hours:minutes:seconds)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src : value to be converted to the time value
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Note:
 *  This function returns values in the interval 00:00:00, 23:59:59. If the
 *  value passed as argument does not fall in this interval then this function
 *  returns the nearest interval limit.
 *
 */
int
db_convert_sec_to_time (const DB_VALUE * src, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int hours = 0;
  int minutes = 0;
  int seconds = 0;
  int int_value = 0;
  int err;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  err = db_round_dbvalue_to_int (src, &int_value);
  if (err != NO_ERROR)
    {
      int_value = 0;
    }

  if (int_value < 0 || err == ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  hours = int_value / 3600;
  minutes = (int_value - hours * 3600) / 60;
  seconds = int_value % 60;

  if (hours > 23)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  db_make_time (result, hours, minutes, seconds);
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  db_make_null (result);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
  return ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
}

/*
 * db_convert_time_to_sec () - compute the number of seconds that have elapsed
 *                 since 00:00:00 to a given time
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: time from which to compute the number of seconds
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_convert_time_to_sec (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0, millisecond = 0;
  int total_seconds = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  error_status = db_get_time_from_dbvalue (src_date, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);

      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
    }

  total_seconds = hour * 3600 + minute * 60 + second;
  db_make_int (result, total_seconds);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_round_dbvalue_to_int() - converts a db value to an integer rounding the
 *                 value to the nearest integer
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src : value to be converted to int
 * Return: NO_ERROR or error code.
 * Note: for string source values the function will return the converted
 *  number or 0 otherwise.
 */
static int
db_round_dbvalue_to_int (const DB_VALUE * src, int *result)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);

  switch (src_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      *result = db_get_short (src);
      return NO_ERROR;

    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      *result = db_get_int (src);
      return NO_ERROR;

    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
      {
    float x = db_get_float (src);
    *result = (int) ((x) > 0 ? ((x) + .5) : ((x) - .5));
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
      {
    double x = db_get_double (src);
    *result = (int) ((x) > 0 ? ((x) + .5) : ((x) - .5));
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      {
    double x = 0;
    numeric_coerce_num_to_double (db_locate_numeric ((DB_VALUE *) src), DB_VALUE_SCALE (src), &x);
    *result = (int) ((x) > 0 ? ((x) + .5) : ((x) - .5));
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      *result = (int) db_get_bigint (src);
      return NO_ERROR;

    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      {
    double x = (db_get_monetary (src))->amount;
    *result = (int) ((x) > 0 ? ((x) + .5) : ((x) - .5));
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_STRING:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    double x;
    DB_VALUE val;
    int error_status = tp_value_string_to_double (src, &val);

    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }

    x = db_get_double (&val);
    *result = (int) ((x) > 0 ? ((x) + .5) : ((x) - .5));
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      {
    /* convert the date to yyyymmdd as integer */
    int year = 0, month = 0, day = 0, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0;
    int ms = 0;
    if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &second, &minute, &ms, NULL) != NO_ERROR)
      {
        er_clear ();
        *result = 0;
      }
    else
      {
        *result = (int) (year * 10000 * month * 100 * day);
      }
    return NO_ERROR;
      }
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
      {
    /* convert the date to yyyymmddhhmmss as integer */
    int year = 0, month = 0, day = 0, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0;
    int ms = 0;

    if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &second, &minute, &ms, NULL) != NO_ERROR)
      {
        er_clear ();
        *result = 0;
        return ER_FAILED;
      }

    *result = (int) (year * 10000000000 + month * 100000000 + day * 1000000 + hour * 10000 + minute * 100 + second);
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      {
    int hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0, millisecond = 0;
    if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (src, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond) != NO_ERROR)
      {
        er_clear ();
        *result = 0;
        return ER_FAILED;
      }

    *result = hour * 10000 + minute * 100 + second;
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    default:
      *result = 0;
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  *result = 0;
  return ER_FAILED;
}

/*
 * db_get_date_week () - compute the week number of a given date time
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to compute the week number
 *    mode: specifies the mode in which to count the weeks
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_week (const DB_VALUE * src_date, const DB_VALUE * mode, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;
  int calc_mode = prm_get_integer_value (PRM_ID_DEFAULT_WEEK_FORMAT);
  int week_number = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  error_status = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, NULL);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (year == 0 && month == 0 && day == 0 && hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (mode))
    {
      calc_mode = prm_get_integer_value (PRM_ID_DEFAULT_WEEK_FORMAT);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = db_round_dbvalue_to_int (mode, &calc_mode);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }
    }
  /* check boundaries for calc_mode */
  if (calc_mode < 0 || calc_mode > 7)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error_exit;
    }

  week_number = db_get_week_of_year (year, month, day, calc_mode);

  db_make_int (result, week_number);
  return NO_ERROR;

error_exit:
  er_clear ();
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
  return error_status;
}

#if !defined (SERVER_MODE)
/*
 * db_get_date_item () - compute an item from a datetime value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to calculate the item
 *    item_type: one of year, month, day
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_date_item (const DB_VALUE * src_date, const int item_type, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int ms = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get the date/time information from src_date */
  if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_date, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &ms, NULL) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* This function should return NULL if src_date is an invalid parameter. Clear the error generated by the
       * function call and return null. */
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      /* set ER_DATE_CONVERSION */
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
    }

  switch (item_type)
    {
    case PT_YEARF:
      db_make_int (result, year);
      break;
    case PT_MONTHF:
      db_make_int (result, month);
      break;
    case PT_DAYF:
      db_make_int (result, day);
      break;
    default:
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
      break;
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_get_time_item () - compute an item from a datetime value
 *
 * Arguments:
 *    src_date: datetime from which to calculate the item
 *    item_type: one of hour, minute, second
 *
 * Returns: int
 */
int
db_get_time_item (const DB_VALUE * src_date, const int item_type, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0, millisecond = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (src_date, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
    }

  switch (item_type)
    {
    case PT_HOURF:
      db_make_int (result, hour);
      break;
    case PT_MINUTEF:
      db_make_int (result, minute);
      break;
    case PT_SECONDF:
      db_make_int (result, second);
      break;
    default:
      assert (false);
      db_make_null (result);
      break;
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}
#endif /* !defined (SERVER_MODE) */


/*
 * db_time_format ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         time_value: time from which we get the informations
 *         format: format specifiers string
 *     result: output string
 *     domain: domain of result
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *     This is used like the DATE_FORMAT() function, but the format
 *  string may contain format specifiers only for hours, minutes, seconds, and
 *  milliseconds. Other specifiers produce a NULL value or 0.
 */
int
db_time_format (const DB_VALUE * time_value, const DB_VALUE * format, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, DB_VALUE * result,
        const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  DB_TYPE res_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DATE_TIME_INFO dtz_info;

  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  const LANG_LOCALE_DATA *lld;
  bool dummy;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int res_collation;

  const DB_VALUE *value_ptr = time_value;
  DB_VALUE new_time_value;

  assert (date_lang != NULL);
  memset (&dtz_info, 0x00, sizeof (dtz_info));

  if (value_ptr == NULL || format == NULL || DB_IS_NULL (value_ptr) || DB_IS_NULL (format))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

#if 0
  // Remains disabled unless pt_get_expression_definition() is modified.
  if (!is_char_string (format))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }
#else
  assert (is_char_string (format)); /* In pt_get_expression_definition(), arg2 is specified as a string. */
#endif
  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (date_lang) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);

  date_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (db_get_int (date_lang), &dummy, &dummy);
  if (domain != NULL && domain->collation_flag != TP_DOMAIN_COLL_LEAVE)
    {
      codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
      res_collation = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);
    }
  else
    {
      codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format);
      res_collation = db_get_string_collation (format);
    }

  lld = lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset);
  if (lld == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  res_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (value_ptr);
  if ((res_type == DB_TYPE_DATE) || !(TP_IS_DATE_OR_TIME_TYPE (res_type) || TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (res_type)))
    {
      const TP_DOMAIN *new_domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR);

      db_make_null (&new_time_value);
      TP_DOMAIN_STATUS status = tp_value_auto_cast (value_ptr, &new_time_value, new_domain);
      if (status != DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      value_ptr = &new_time_value;
      res_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (value_ptr);
    }

  /* 1. Get time values */
  error_status = get_date_time_info (&dtz_info, res_type, value_ptr, false);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (value_ptr == &new_time_value)
    {
      pr_clear_value (&new_time_value);
    }
      return error_status;
    }

  /* 2. Generate the output according to the format and the values */
  char *res = NULL;
  error_status = put_date_time_info (&dtz_info, format, date_lang_id, lld, false, &res);
  if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_string (result, res);
      db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result, codeset, res_collation);
      result->need_clear = true;

      return error_status;
    }

  if (res)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_timestamp() -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         src_datetime1: date or datetime expression
 *         src_time2: time expression
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 * This function is used in the function TIMESTAMP().
 * It returns the date or datetime expression expr as a datetime value.
 * With both arguments, it adds the time expression src_time2 to the date or
 * datetime expression src_datetime1 and returns the result as a datetime value.
 */
int
db_timestamp (const DB_VALUE * src_datetime1, const DB_VALUE * src_time2, DB_VALUE * result_datetime)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond;
  int h = 0, mi = 0, s = 0, ms = 0;
  DB_BIGINT amount = 0;
  double amount_d = 0;
  DB_TYPE type;
  DB_DATETIME datetime, calculated_datetime;
  /* if sign is 1 then we perform a subtraction */
  int sign = 0;

  if (result_datetime == (DB_VALUE *) NULL)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER, 0);
      return ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    }

  db_value_domain_init (result_datetime, DB_TYPE_DATETIME, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  /* Return NULL if NULL is explicitly given as the second argument. If no second argument is given, we consider it as
   * 0. */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_datetime1) || (src_time2 && DB_IS_NULL (src_time2)))
    {
      db_make_null (result_datetime);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  year = month = day = hour = minute = second = millisecond = 0;

  error_status =
    db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (src_datetime1, &year, &month, &day, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond, NULL);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
  /* If no second argument is given, just encode the first argument. */
  if (src_time2 == NULL)
    {
      goto encode_result;
    }

  type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_time2);
  switch (type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      parse_time_string (db_get_string (src_time2), db_get_string_size (src_time2), &sign, &h, &mi, &s, &ms);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      db_time_decode (db_get_time (src_time2), &h, &mi, &s);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      amount = (DB_BIGINT) db_get_short (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      amount = (DB_BIGINT) db_get_int (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      amount = db_get_bigint (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
      amount_d = db_get_float (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
      amount_d = db_get_double (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      amount_d = db_value_get_monetary_amount_as_double (src_time2);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      numeric_coerce_num_to_double ((DB_C_NUMERIC) db_locate_numeric (src_time2), DB_VALUE_SCALE (src_time2),
                    &amount_d);
      break;

    default:
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
      return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }

  if (type == DB_TYPE_DOUBLE || type == DB_TYPE_FLOAT || type == DB_TYPE_MONETARY || type == DB_TYPE_NUMERIC)
    {
      amount = (DB_BIGINT) amount_d;
      ms = ((long) (amount_d * 1000.0)) % 1000;
    }

  if (type != DB_TYPE_VARCHAR && type != DB_TYPE_CHAR && type != DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      if (amount < 0)
    {
      amount = -amount;
      ms = -ms;
      sign = 1;
    }
      s = (int) ((DB_BIGINT) amount % 100);
      amount /= 100;
      mi = (int) ((DB_BIGINT) amount % 100);
      amount /= 100;
      h = (int) amount;
    }

  /* validation of minute and second */
  if ((mi < 0 || mi > 59) || (s < 0 || s > 59))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER, 0);
      return ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    }

  /* Convert time to milliseconds. */
  amount = ((DB_BIGINT) h * 60 * 60 * 1000) + ((DB_BIGINT) mi * 60 * 1000) + ((DB_BIGINT) s * 1000) + (DB_BIGINT) ms;

encode_result:

  db_datetime_encode (&datetime, month, day, year, hour, minute, second, millisecond);
  if (amount > 0)
    {
      if (sign == 0)
    {
      error_status = db_add_int_to_datetime (&datetime, amount, &calculated_datetime);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_subtract_int_from_datetime (&datetime, amount, &calculated_datetime);
    }
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

      db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &calculated_datetime);
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &datetime);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_add_months () -
 */
int
db_add_months (const DB_VALUE * src_date, const DB_VALUE * nmonth, DB_VALUE * result_date)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int n;
  int month, day, year;
  int old_month, old_year;
  DB_DATE *date_p;

  assert (src_date != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (nmonth != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_date != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  db_value_domain_init (result_date, DB_TYPE_DATE, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date) || DB_IS_NULL (nmonth))
    {
      db_make_null (result_date);
      return error_status;
    }

  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (nmonth) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);
  n = db_get_int (nmonth);

  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (src_date) == DB_TYPE_DATE);
  date_p = db_get_date (src_date);

  db_date_decode (date_p, &month, &day, &year);

  old_month = month;
  old_year = year;

  if ((month + n) >= 0)     /* Calculate month,year */
    {
      year = year + (month + n) / 12;
      month = (month + n) % 12;
      year = (month == 0) ? year - 1 : year;
      month = (month == 0) ? 12 : month;
    }
  else
    {
      year = year + (month + n - 12) / 12;
      month = 12 + (month + n) % 12;
    }
  /* Check last day of month */
  if (day == get_last_day (old_month, old_year) || day > get_last_day (month, year))
    {
      day = get_last_day (month, year);
    }

  if (0 < year && year < 10000)
    {
      db_make_date (result_date, month, day, year);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_EXCEED_LIMIT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_last_day () -
 */
int
db_last_day (const DB_VALUE * src_date, DB_VALUE * result_day)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int month, day, year;
  int lastday;

  assert (src_date != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_day != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      db_make_null (result_day);
      return error_status;
    }

  db_date_decode ((DB_DATE *) (&src_date->data.date), &month, &day, &year);

  if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
    {
      db_make_null (result_day);
      er_clear ();
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
      return ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
    }

  lastday = get_last_day (month, year);

  db_make_date (result_day, month, lastday, year);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_months_between () -
 */
int
db_months_between (const DB_VALUE * start_mon, const DB_VALUE * end_mon, DB_VALUE * result_mon)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  double result_double;
  int start_month, start_day, start_year;
  int end_month, end_day, end_year;
  DB_DATE *start_date, *end_date;

  assert (start_mon != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (end_mon != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_mon != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */

  if (DB_IS_NULL (start_mon) || DB_IS_NULL (end_mon))
    {
      db_make_null (result_mon);
      return error_status;
    }

  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (start_mon) == DB_TYPE_DATE);
  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (end_mon) == DB_TYPE_DATE);

  start_date = db_get_date (start_mon);
  end_date = db_get_date (end_mon);

  db_date_decode (start_date, &start_month, &start_day, &start_year);
  db_date_decode (end_date, &end_month, &end_day, &end_year);

  if (start_day == end_day
      || (start_day == get_last_day (start_month, start_year) && end_day == get_last_day (end_month, end_year)))
    {
      result_double = (double) (start_year * 12 + start_month - end_year * 12 - end_month);
    }
  else
    {
      result_double =
    (double) ((start_year - end_year) * 12.0) + (double) (start_month - end_month) +
    (double) ((start_day - end_day) / 31.0);
    }

  db_make_double (result_mon, result_double);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_sys_date () -
 */
int
db_sys_date (DB_VALUE * result_date)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  time_t tloc;
  struct tm *c_time_struct, tm_val;

  assert (result_date != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */
  db_value_domain_init (result_date, DB_TYPE_DATE, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  /* Need checking error */

  if (time (&tloc) == -1)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  c_time_struct = localtime_r (&tloc, &tm_val);
  if (c_time_struct == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  db_make_date (result_date, c_time_struct->tm_mon + 1, c_time_struct->tm_mday, c_time_struct->tm_year + 1900);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_sys_time () -
 */
int
db_sys_time (DB_VALUE * result_time)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  time_t tloc;
  struct tm *c_time_struct, tm_val;

  assert (result_time != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */
  db_value_domain_init (result_time, DB_TYPE_TIME, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  /* Need checking error */

  if (time (&tloc) == -1)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  c_time_struct = localtime_r (&tloc, &tm_val);
  if (c_time_struct == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }
  db_make_time (result_time, c_time_struct->tm_hour, c_time_struct->tm_min, c_time_struct->tm_sec);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_sys_timestamp () -
 */
int
db_sys_timestamp (DB_VALUE * result_timestamp)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  time_t tloc;

  assert (result_timestamp != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */
  db_value_domain_init (result_timestamp, DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  if (time (&tloc) == -1 || OR_CHECK_INT_OVERFLOW (tloc))
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  db_make_timestamp (result_timestamp, (DB_TIMESTAMP) tloc);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_sys_datetime () -
 */
int
db_sys_datetime (DB_VALUE * result_datetime)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIME datetime;

  time_t sec;
  int millisec;
  struct tm *c_time_struct, tm_val;

  assert (result_datetime != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */
  db_value_domain_init (result_datetime, DB_TYPE_DATETIME, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  util_get_second_and_ms_since_epoch (&sec, &millisec);

  c_time_struct = localtime_r (&sec, &tm_val);
  if (c_time_struct == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  db_datetime_encode (&datetime, c_time_struct->tm_mon + 1, c_time_struct->tm_mday, c_time_struct->tm_year + 1900,
              c_time_struct->tm_hour, c_time_struct->tm_min, c_time_struct->tm_sec, millisec);
  db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &datetime);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_sys_date_and_epoch_time () - This function returns current
 *                 datetime and timestamp.
 *
 * return: status of the error
 *
 *   dt_dbval(out): datetime
 *   ts_dbval(out): timestamp
 */

int
db_sys_date_and_epoch_time (DB_VALUE * dt_dbval, DB_VALUE * ts_dbval)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIME datetime;
  time_t sec;
  int millisec;
  struct tm *c_time_struct, tm_val;

  assert (dt_dbval != NULL);
  assert (ts_dbval != NULL);

  util_get_second_and_ms_since_epoch (&sec, &millisec);

  c_time_struct = localtime_r (&sec, &tm_val);
  if (c_time_struct == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  db_datetime_encode (&datetime, c_time_struct->tm_mon + 1, c_time_struct->tm_mday, c_time_struct->tm_year + 1900,
              c_time_struct->tm_hour, c_time_struct->tm_min, c_time_struct->tm_sec, millisec);

  db_make_datetime (dt_dbval, &datetime);
  db_make_timestamp (ts_dbval, (DB_TIMESTAMP) sec);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * This function return the current timezone , as an integer representing
 * the minutes away from GMT
 */
int
db_sys_timezone (DB_VALUE * result_timezone)
{
  assert (result_timezone != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /* now return null */
  db_value_domain_init (result_timezone, DB_TYPE_INTEGER, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);

  db_make_int (result_timezone, tz_get_offset_in_mins ());
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * get_last_day () -
 */
int
get_last_day (int month, int year)
{
  int lastday = 0;

  if (year >= 1700)
    {
      switch (month)
    {
    case 1:
    case 3:
    case 5:
    case 7:
    case 8:
    case 10:
    case 12:
      lastday = 31;
      break;
    case 4:
    case 6:
    case 9:
    case 11:
      lastday = 30;
      break;
    case 2:
      if (year % 4 == 0)
        {
          if (year % 100 == 0)
        {
          if (year % 400 == 0)
            {
              lastday = 29;
            }
          else
            {
              lastday = 28;
            }
        }
          else
        {
          lastday = 29;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          lastday = 28;
        }
      break;
    default:
      break;        /* Need Error Checking */
    }
    }
  else
    {
      switch (month)
    {
    case 1:
    case 3:
    case 5:
    case 7:
    case 8:
    case 10:
    case 12:
      lastday = 31;
      break;
    case 4:
    case 6:
    case 9:
    case 11:
      lastday = 30;
      break;
    case 2:
      if (year % 4 == 0)
        {
          lastday = 29;
        }
      else
        {
          lastday = 28;
        }
      break;
    default:
      break;        /* Need Error Checking */
    }
    }
  return lastday;
}

/*
 * db_to_char () -
 */
int
db_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format_or_length, const DB_VALUE * lang_str,
        DB_VALUE * result_str, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE type;

  type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (type == DB_TYPE_NULL || is_number (src_value))
    {
      return number_to_char (src_value, format_or_length, lang_str, result_str, domain);
    }
  else if (TP_IS_DATE_OR_TIME_TYPE (type))
    {
      return date_to_char (src_value, format_or_length, lang_str, result_str, domain);
    }
  else if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (type))
    {
      if (domain == NULL)
    {
      error_status = pr_clone_value (src_value, result_str);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return error_status;
        }
      db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result_str, LANG_COERCIBLE_CODESET, LANG_COERCIBLE_COLL);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_value_coerce (src_value, result_str, domain);
    }

      return error_status;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);

      return error_status;
    }
}

#define MAX_STRING_DATE_TOKEN_LEN  LOC_DATA_MONTH_WIDE_SIZE
const char *Month_name_ISO[][12] = {
  {"January", "February", "March", "April",
   "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October",
   "November", "December"}, /* US */
  {"1wol",
   "2wol",
   "3wol",
   "4wol",
   "5wol",
   "6wol",
   "7wol",
   "8wol",
   "9wol",
   "10wol",
   "11wol",
   "12wol"},            /* KR */
  {"Ocak",
   "Subat",
   "Mart",
   "Nisan",
   "Mayis",
   "Haziran",
   "Temmuz",
   "Agustos",
   "Eylul",
   "Ekim",
   "Kasim",
   "Aralik"}            /* TR */
};

const char *Month_name_UTF8[][12] = {
  {"January", "February", "March", "April",
   "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October",
   "November", "December"}, /* US */
  {"1\xec\x9b\x94",
   "2\xec\x9b\x94",
   "3\xec\x9b\x94",
   "4\xec\x9b\x94",
   "5\xec\x9b\x94",
   "6\xec\x9b\x94",
   "7\xec\x9b\x94",
   "8\xec\x9b\x94",
   "9\xec\x9b\x94",
   "10\xec\x9b\x94",
   "11\xec\x9b\x94",
   "12\xec\x9b\x94"},       /* KR */
  {"Ocak",
   "\xc5\x9e" "ubat",
   "Mart",
   "Nisan",
   "May" "\xc4\xb1" "s",
   "Haziran",
   "Temmuz",
   "A" "\xc4\x9f" "ustos",
   "Eyl" "\xc3\xbc" "l",
   "Ekim",
   "Kas" "\xc4\xb1" "m",
   "Aral" "\xc4\xb1" "k"}   /* TR */
};

const char *Month_name_EUCKR[][12] = {
  {"January", "February", "March", "April",
   "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October",
   "November", "December"}, /* US */
  {"1\xbf\xf9",
   "2\xbf\xf9",
   "3\xbf\xf9",
   "4\xbf\xf9",
   "5\xbf\xf9",
   "6\xbf\xf9",
   "7\xbf\xf9",
   "8\xbf\xf9",
   "9\xbf\xf9",
   "10\xbf\xf9",
   "11\xbf\xf9",
   "12\xbf\xf9"},       /* KR */
  {"Ocak",
   "Subat",
   "Mart",
   "Nisan",
   "Mayis",
   "Haziran",
   "Temmuz",
   "Agustos",
   "Eylul",
   "Ekim",
   "Kasim",
   "Aralik"}            /* TR */
};

const char Month_name_parse_order[][12] = {
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
};

const char *Day_name_ISO[][7] = {
  {"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
   "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"},   /* US */
  {"Iryoil",
   "Woryoil",
   "Hwayoil",
   "Suyoil",
   "Mogyoil",
   "Geumyoil",
   "Toyoil"},           /* KR */
  {"Pazar", "Pazartesi", "Sali",
   "Carsamba",
   "Persembe", "Cuma",
   "Cumartesi"}         /* TR */
};

const char *Day_name_UTF8[][7] = {
  {"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
   "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"},   /* US */
  {"\xec\x9d\xbc\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xec\x9b\x94\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xed\x99\x94\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xec\x88\x98\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xeb\xaa\xa9\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xea\xb8\x88\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xed\x86\xa0\xec\x9a\x94\xec\x9d\xbc"}, /* KR */
  {"Pazar", "Pazartesi", "Sal\xc4\xb1",
   "\xc3\x87" "ar" "\xc5\x9f" "amba",
   "Per" "\xc5\x9f" "embe", "Cuma",
   "Cumartesi"}         /* TR */
};

const char *Day_name_EUCKR[][7] = {
  {"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
   "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"},   /* US */
  {"\xc0\xcf\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xbf\xf9\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xc8\xad\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xbc\xf6\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xb8\xf1\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xb1\xdd\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf",
   "\xc5\xe4\xbf\xe4\xc0\xcf"}, /* KR */
  {"Pazar", "Pazartesi", "Sali",
   "Carsamba",
   "Persembe", "Cuma",
   "Cumartesi"}         /* TR */
};

const char Day_name_parse_order[][7] = {
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
  {1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5}
};

const char *Short_Month_name_ISO[][12] = {
  {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
   "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"},   /* US */
  {"1wol",
   "2wol",
   "3wol",
   "4wol",
   "5wol",
   "6wol",
   "7wol",
   "8wol",
   "9wol",
   "10wol",
   "11wol",
   "12wol"},            /* KR */
  {"Ock",
   "Sbt",
   "Mrt",
   "Nsn",
   "Mys",
   "Hzr",
   "Tmz",
   "Ags",
   "Eyl",
   "Ekm",
   "Ksm",
   "Arl"}           /* TR */
};

const char *Short_Month_name_UTF8[][12] = {
  {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
   "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"},   /* US */
  {"1\xec\x9b\x94",
   "2\xec\x9b\x94",
   "3\xec\x9b\x94",
   "4\xec\x9b\x94",
   "5\xec\x9b\x94",
   "6\xec\x9b\x94",
   "7\xec\x9b\x94",
   "8\xec\x9b\x94",
   "9\xec\x9b\x94",
   "10\xec\x9b\x94",
   "11\xec\x9b\x94",
   "12\xec\x9b\x94"},       /* KR */
  {"Ock",
   "\xc5\x9e" "bt",
   "Mrt",
   "Nsn",
   "Mys",
   "Hzr",
   "Tmz",
   "A" "\xc4\x9f" "s",
   "Eyl",
   "Ekm",
   "Ksm",
   "Arl"}           /* TR */
};

const char *Short_Month_name_EUCKR[][12] = {
  {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
   "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"},   /* US */
  {"1\xbf\xf9",
   "2\xbf\xf9",
   "3\xbf\xf9",
   "4\xbf\xf9",
   "5\xbf\xf9",
   "6\xbf\xf9",
   "7\xbf\xf9",
   "8\xbf\xf9",
   "9\xbf\xf9",
   "10\xbf\xf9",
   "11\xbf\xf9",
   "12\xbf\xf9"},       /* KR */
  {"Ock",
   "Sbt",
   "Mrt",
   "Nsn",
   "Mys",
   "Hzr",
   "Tmz",
   "Ags",
   "Eyl",
   "Ekm",
   "Ksm",
   "Arl"}           /* TR */
};

const char Short_Month_name_parse_order[][12] = {
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
};

const char *Short_Day_name_ISO[][7] = {
  {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"},    /* US */
  {"Il",
   "Wol",
   "Hwa",
   "Su",
   "Mok",
   "Geum",
   "To"},           /* KR */
  {"Pz", "Pt", "Sa",
   "Ca",
   "Pe", "Cu", "Ct"}        /* TR */
};

const char *Short_Day_name_UTF8[][7] = {
  {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"},    /* US */
  {"\xec\x9d\xbc",
   "\xec\x9b\x94",
   "\xed\x99\x94",
   "\xec\x88\x98",
   "\xeb\xaa\xa9",
   "\xea\xb8\x88",
   "\xed\x86\xa0"},     /* KR */
  {"Pz", "Pt", "Sa",
   "\xc3\x87" "a",
   "Pe", "Cu", "Ct"}        /* TR */
};

const char *Short_Day_name_EUCKR[][7] = {
  {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"},    /* US */
  {"\xc0\xcf",
   "\xbf\xf9",
   "\xc8\xad",
   "\xbc\xf6",
   "\xb8\xf1",
   "\xb1\xdd",
   "\xc5\xe4"},         /* KR */
  {"Pz", "Pt", "Sa",
   "Ca",
   "Pe", "Cu", "Ct"}        /* TR */
};

const char Short_Day_name_parse_order[][7] = {
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
};

#define AM_NAME_KR "ojeon"
#define PM_NAME_KR "ohu"

#define AM_NAME_KR_EUC "\xbf\xc0\xc0\xfc"
#define PM_NAME_KR_EUC "\xbf\xc0\xc8\xc4"

#define AM_NAME_KR_UTF8 "\xec\x98\xa4\xec\xa0\x84"
#define PM_NAME_KR_UTF8 "\xec\x98\xa4\xed\x9b\x84"

const char AM_PM_parse_order[][12] = {
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
};



const char *Am_Pm_name_ISO[][12] = {
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* US */
  {AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR, AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR, AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR,
   AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR, AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR, AM_NAME_KR, PM_NAME_KR},
  /* KR */
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* TR */
};

const char *Am_Pm_name_UTF8[][12] = {
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* US */
  {AM_NAME_KR_UTF8, PM_NAME_KR_UTF8, AM_NAME_KR_UTF8,
   PM_NAME_KR_UTF8, AM_NAME_KR_UTF8, PM_NAME_KR_UTF8,
   AM_NAME_KR_UTF8, PM_NAME_KR_UTF8, AM_NAME_KR_UTF8,
   PM_NAME_KR_UTF8, AM_NAME_KR_UTF8, PM_NAME_KR_UTF8},
  /* KR */
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* TR */
};

const char *Am_Pm_name_EUCKR[][12] = {
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* US */
  {AM_NAME_KR_EUC, PM_NAME_KR_EUC, AM_NAME_KR_EUC,
   PM_NAME_KR_EUC, AM_NAME_KR_EUC, PM_NAME_KR_EUC,
   AM_NAME_KR_EUC, PM_NAME_KR_EUC, AM_NAME_KR_EUC,
   PM_NAME_KR_EUC, AM_NAME_KR_EUC, PM_NAME_KR_EUC},
  /* KR */
  {"am", "pm", "Am", "Pm", "AM", "PM",
   "a.m.", "p.m.", "A.m.", "P.m.", "A.M.", "P.M."}, /* TR */
};

static inline int
check_date_lang_on_prepared (const DB_VALUE * date_lang, INTL_LANG * date_lang_id, bool * has_user_fmt)
{
  bool has_user_lang = false;
  int flag;

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (date_lang))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      /* We got here because we used HOST_VAR.  And using HOST_VAR means we didn't omit format. */
      if (lang_get_lang_id_from_name (db_get_string (date_lang), date_lang_id))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_LOCALE_LANG_NOT_AVAILABLE, 1, db_get_string (date_lang));
      return ER_LOCALE_LANG_NOT_AVAILABLE;
    }
      *has_user_fmt = true;

      return NO_ERROR;

    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      flag = db_get_int (date_lang);
      if ((flag & LANG_LOADED_LOCALES_PARITY_MASK) == LANG_LOADED_LOCALES_PARITY)
    {
      *date_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (flag, has_user_fmt, &has_user_lang);

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      /* We got here because we used HOST_VAR.  This may be the case when the bound value is int. */
    }

      break;

    default:
      break;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE, 0);
  return ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
}

/*
 * db_to_date () -
 */
int
db_to_date (const DB_VALUE * src_str, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, DB_VALUE * result_date)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  const char *cur_format_str_ptr, *next_format_str_ptr;
  char *cs;         /* current source string pointer */
  const char *last_src, *last_format;

  TIMESTAMP_FORMAT cur_format;

  int cur_format_size;

  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0, day_of_the_week = 0, week = -1;
  int monthcount = 0, daycount = 0, yearcount = 0, day_of_the_weekcount = 0;

  int i;
  bool no_user_format;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  INTL_CODESET frmt_codeset;
  char stack_buf_str[64], stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL, *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false, do_free_buf_format = false;
  DB_VALUE default_format;
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;

  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_date != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (date_lang != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  db_make_null (&default_format);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_date);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (date_lang, &date_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (src_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_str);
  if (lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset) == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (src_str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, true, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cs = initial_buf_str;
  last_src = cs + strlen (cs);

  last_src = (char *) intl_backskip_spaces (cs, last_src - 1, codeset);
  last_src = last_src + 1;

  no_user_format = (format_str == NULL) || (!has_user_format);

  if (no_user_format)
    {
      DB_DATE date_tmp;
      const char *default_format_str;

      /* try default CUBRID format first */
      if (NO_ERROR == db_string_to_date_ex ((char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &date_tmp))
    {
      db_value_put_encoded_date (result_date, &date_tmp);
      goto exit;
    }

      /* error parsing CUBRID default format, try the locale format, if any */
      default_format_str = lang_date_format_parse (date_lang_id, codeset, DB_TYPE_DATE, &frmt_codeset);
      if (default_format_str == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

      db_make_char (&default_format, strlen (default_format_str), default_format_str,
            strlen (default_format_str), frmt_codeset, LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (frmt_codeset));
      format_str = &default_format;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_date);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  frmt_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, true,
                     &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
  last_format = cur_format_str_ptr + strlen (cur_format_str_ptr);

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

  while (cs < last_src)
    {
      int token_size, cmp, cs_byte_size;
      int k;

      cur_format =
    get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, DB_TYPE_DATE, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
    {
    case DT_YYYY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 4);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += k;
      break;

    case DT_YY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += k;

      i = get_cur_year ();
      if (i == -1)
        {
          error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      year += (i / 100) * 100;
      break;

    case DT_MM:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &month, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += k;

      if (month < 1 || month > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MONTH:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MON:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      month = 0;


      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += token_size;


      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DD:
      if (daycount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          daycount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += k;

      if (day < 0 || day > 31)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TEXT:
      if (codeset != frmt_codeset)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cmp = intl_case_match_tok (date_lang_id, codeset, (unsigned char *) (cur_format_str_ptr + 1),
                     (unsigned char *) cs, cur_format_size - 2, strlen (cs), &cs_byte_size);

      if (cmp != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cs_byte_size;
      break;

    case DT_PUNCTUATION:
      if (strncasecmp ((const char *) cur_format_str_ptr, (const char *) cs, cur_format_size) != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cur_format_size;
      break;

    case DT_CC:
    case DT_Q:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      /* Does it need error message? */
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;

    case DT_DAY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status =
        get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_D:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day_of_the_week, 1);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += k;

      if (day_of_the_week < 1 || day_of_the_week > 7)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_INVALID:
    case DT_NORMAL:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    default:
      break;
    }

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

      if (last_format == next_format_str_ptr)
    {
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }

      if (cs != last_src)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;
    }
    }


  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (cs != last_src || cur_format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  year = (yearcount == 0) ? get_cur_year () : year;
  month = (monthcount == 0) ? get_cur_month () : month;
  day = (daycount == 0) ? 1 : day;
  week = (day_of_the_weekcount == 0) ? -1 : day_of_the_week - 1;

  if (week != -1 && week != db_get_day_of_week (year, month, day))
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  db_make_date (result_date, month, day, year);

  if (*(db_get_date (result_date)) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_to_time () -
 */
int
db_to_time (const DB_VALUE * src_str, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, const DB_TYPE type,
        DB_VALUE * result_time)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  const char *cur_format_str_ptr, *next_format_str_ptr;
  char *cs;         /* current source string pointer */
  const char *last_format, *last_src;

  TIMESTAMP_FORMAT cur_format;

  int cur_format_size;

  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int time_count = 0;
  int mil_time_count = 0;
  int am = false;
  int pm = false;

  bool no_user_format;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  INTL_CODESET frmt_codeset;
  char stack_buf_str[64], stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL, *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false, do_free_buf_format = false;
  DB_VALUE default_format;
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;
  int tzh = 0, tzm = 0;
  bool set_tzh = false, set_tzm = false;
  int start_tzr = -1, start_tzd = -1;
  int len_tzr = -1, len_tzd = -1;
  int zone_id = -1;
  bool is_negative_tzd = false;

  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_time != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (date_lang != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (type == DB_TYPE_TIME);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_time);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (date_lang, &date_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  /* now return null */
  if (false == is_char_string (src_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_str);
  if (lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset) == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }
  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (src_str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, true, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cs = initial_buf_str;
  last_src = cs + strlen (cs);

  last_src = (char *) intl_backskip_spaces (cs, last_src - 1, codeset);
  last_src = last_src + 1;

  no_user_format = (format_str == NULL) || (!has_user_format);

  if (no_user_format)
    {
      DB_TIME time_tmp;
      const char *default_format_str;

      /* try default CUBRID format first */
      assert (type == DB_TYPE_TIME);

      if (NO_ERROR == db_string_to_time_ex ((const char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &time_tmp))
    {
      db_value_put_encoded_time (result_time, &time_tmp);
      goto exit;
    }

      /* error parsing CUBRID default format, try the locale format, if any */
      default_format_str = lang_date_format_parse (date_lang_id, codeset, type, &frmt_codeset);
      if (default_format_str == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
      db_make_char (&default_format, strlen (default_format_str), default_format_str,
            strlen (default_format_str), frmt_codeset, LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (frmt_codeset));
      format_str = &default_format;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_time);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  frmt_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, true,
                     &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
  last_format = cur_format_str_ptr + strlen (cur_format_str_ptr);

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

  while (cs < last_src)
    {
      int cmp, cs_byte_size, token_size;
      int am_pm_id;
      int k;

      cur_format = get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, type, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
    {
    case DT_AM:
    case DT_A_M:
    case DT_PM:
    case DT_P_M:
      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &am_pm_id, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (am_pm_id > 0)
        {
          if (am_pm_id % 2)
        {
          am = true;
        }
          else
        {
          pm = true;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;
      break;

    case DT_HH:
    case DT_HH12:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 1 || hour > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_HH24:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 0 || hour > 23)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MI:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &minute, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (minute < 0 || minute > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_SS:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &second, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (second < 0 || second > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TEXT:
      if (codeset != frmt_codeset)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cmp = intl_case_match_tok (date_lang_id, codeset, (unsigned char *) (cur_format_str_ptr + 1),
                     (unsigned char *) cs, cur_format_size - 2, strlen (cs), &cs_byte_size);

      if (cmp != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cs_byte_size;
      break;

    case DT_PUNCTUATION:
      if (strncasecmp ((const char *) cur_format_str_ptr, (const char *) cs, cur_format_size) != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cur_format_size;
      break;

    case DT_TZR:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        start_tzr = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        zone_id = tz_get_best_match_zone (cs, &len_tzr);
        if (zone_id < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzr;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZD:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        start_tzd = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        len_tzd = parse_tzd (cs, TZD_MAX_EXPECTED_LEN);
        if (len_tzd < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzd;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZH:
    case DT_TZM:
      {
        int *p = NULL;

        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        if (cur_format == DT_TZH)
          {
        p = &tzh;
        set_tzh = true;
          }
        else
          {
        p = &tzm;
        set_tzm = true;
          }

        /* Get the timezone hour offset */
        if (*cs == '+' || *cs == '-')
          {
        if (cur_format == DT_TZM)
          {
            error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            goto exit;
          }
        if (*cs == '-')
          {
            is_negative_tzd = true;
          }
        else
          {
            is_negative_tzd = false;
          }
        cs++;
          }

        k = parse_digits (cs, p, 2);
        if (k <= 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += k;
      }
      break;

    case DT_INVALID:
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    default:
      break;
    }

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

      if (last_format == next_format_str_ptr)
    {
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }

      if (cs != last_src)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;
    }
    }

  /* 2. Validations */
  if (len_tzd > 0 || len_tzr > 0)
    {
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }

  if (is_negative_tzd)
    {
      tzh = -tzh;
      tzm = -tzm;
    }

  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (cs != last_src || cur_format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (am != 0 && pm == 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If A.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? 0 : hour;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm != 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If P.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? hour : hour + 12;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm == 0)
    {               /* If military time */
      ;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  db_make_time (result_time, hour, minute, second);

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_to_timestamp () -
 */
int
db_to_timestamp (const DB_VALUE * src_str, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, const DB_TYPE type,
         DB_VALUE * result_timestamp)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  DB_DATE tmp_date;
  DB_TIME tmp_time;
  DB_TIMESTAMP tmp_timestamp;

  const char *cur_format_str_ptr, *next_format_str_ptr;
  char *cs;         /* current source string pointer */
  const char *last_format, *last_src;

  int cur_format_size;
  TIMESTAMP_FORMAT cur_format;

  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0, day_of_the_week = 0, week = -1;
  int monthcount = 0, daycount = 0, yearcount = 0, day_of_the_weekcount = 0;

  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int time_count = 0;
  int mil_time_count = 0;
  int am = false;
  int pm = false;

  int i;
  bool no_user_format;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  INTL_CODESET frmt_codeset;
  char stack_buf_str[64], stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL, *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false, do_free_buf_format = false;
  DB_VALUE default_format;
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;
  int tzh = 0, tzm = 0;
  bool set_tzh = false, set_tzm = false;
  int start_tzr = -1, start_tzd = -1;
  int len_tzr = -1, len_tzd = -1;
  int zone_id = -1;
  bool is_negative_tzd = false;

  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_timestamp != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (date_lang != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP || type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ);

  db_make_null (&default_format);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_timestamp);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (date_lang, &date_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (src_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_str);
  if (lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset) == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (src_str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, true, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cs = initial_buf_str;
  last_src = cs + strlen (cs);

  last_src = (char *) intl_backskip_spaces (cs, last_src - 1, codeset);
  last_src = last_src + 1;

  no_user_format = (format_str == NULL) || (!has_user_format);

  if (no_user_format)
    {
      DB_TIMESTAMP timestamp_tmp;
      DB_TIMESTAMPTZ timestamptz_tmp;
      const char *default_format_str;

      /* try default CUBRID format first */
      if (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
    {
      if (db_string_to_timestamp_ex ((const char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &timestamp_tmp) == NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_make_timestamp (result_timestamp, timestamp_tmp);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      bool has_zone;
      if (db_string_to_timestamptz_ex ((const char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &timestamptz_tmp, &has_zone,
                       false) == NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_make_timestamptz (result_timestamp, &timestamptz_tmp);
          goto exit;
        }
    }

      default_format_str = lang_date_format_parse (date_lang_id, codeset, type, &frmt_codeset);
      if (default_format_str == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

      db_make_char (&default_format, strlen (default_format_str), default_format_str,
            strlen (default_format_str), frmt_codeset, LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (frmt_codeset));
      format_str = &default_format;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_timestamp);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  frmt_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, true,
                     &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
  last_format = cur_format_str_ptr + strlen (cur_format_str_ptr);

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

  while (cs < last_src)
    {
      int token_size, cmp, cs_byte_size;
      int am_pm_id;
      int k;

      cur_format = get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, type, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
    {
    case DT_YYYY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 4);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;
      break;

    case DT_YY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      i = get_cur_year ();
      if (i == -1)
        {
          error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      year += (i / 100) * 100;
      break;

    case DT_MM:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &month, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (month < 1 || month > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MONTH:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MON:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      month = 0;

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DD:
      if (daycount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          daycount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (day < 0 || day > 31)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_AM:
    case DT_A_M:
    case DT_PM:
    case DT_P_M:
      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &am_pm_id, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (am_pm_id > 0)
        {
          if (am_pm_id % 2)
        {
          am = true;
        }
          else
        {
          pm = true;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;
      break;

    case DT_HH:
    case DT_HH12:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 1 || hour > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_HH24:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 0 || hour > 23)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MI:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &minute, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (minute < 0 || minute > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_SS:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &second, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (second < 0 || second > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TEXT:
      if (codeset != frmt_codeset)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cmp = intl_case_match_tok (date_lang_id, codeset, (unsigned char *) (cur_format_str_ptr + 1),
                     (unsigned char *) cs, cur_format_size - 2, strlen (cs), &cs_byte_size);

      if (cmp != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cs_byte_size;
      break;

    case DT_PUNCTUATION:
      if (strncasecmp ((const char *) (void *) cur_format_str_ptr, (const char *) cs, cur_format_size) != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += cur_format_size;
      break;

    case DT_CC:
    case DT_Q:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;

    case DT_DAY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status =
        get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_D:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day_of_the_week, 1);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (day_of_the_week < 1 || day_of_the_week > 7)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TZR:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        start_tzr = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        zone_id = tz_get_best_match_zone (cs, &len_tzr);
        if (zone_id < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzr;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZD:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        start_tzd = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        len_tzd = parse_tzd (cs, TZD_MAX_EXPECTED_LEN);
        if (len_tzd < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzd;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZH:
    case DT_TZM:
      {
        int *p = NULL;

        if (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        if (cur_format == DT_TZH)
          {
        p = &tzh;
        set_tzh = true;
          }
        else
          {
        p = &tzm;
        set_tzm = true;
          }

        /* Get the timezone hour offset */
        if (*cs == '+' || *cs == '-')
          {
        if (cur_format == DT_TZM)
          {
            error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            goto exit;
          }
        if (*cs == '-')
          {
            is_negative_tzd = true;
          }
        else
          {
            is_negative_tzd = false;
          }
        cs++;
          }

        k = parse_digits (cs, p, 2);
        if (k <= 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += k;
      }
      break;

    case DT_NORMAL:
    case DT_INVALID:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    default:
      break;
    }

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

      if (last_format == next_format_str_ptr)
    {
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }

      if (cs != last_src)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;
    }
    }

  /* 2. Validations */
  if (len_tzd > 0 || len_tzr > 0)
    {
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }
  if (is_negative_tzd)
    {
      tzh = -tzh;
      tzm = -tzm;
    }

  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (cs != last_src || cur_format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  /**************            Check DATE        ****************/
  year = (yearcount == 0) ? get_cur_year () : year;
  month = (monthcount == 0) ? get_cur_month () : month;
  day = (daycount == 0) ? 1 : day;
  week = (day_of_the_weekcount == 0) ? -1 : day_of_the_week - 1;

  if (week != -1 && week != db_get_day_of_week (year, month, day))
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_date_encode (&tmp_date, month, day, year) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  /**************            Check TIME        ****************/
  if (am != 0 && pm == 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If A.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? 0 : hour;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm != 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If P.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? hour : hour + 12;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm == 0)
    {               /* If military time */
      ;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  db_time_encode (&tmp_time, hour, minute, second);

  if (type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)
    {
      if (db_timestamp_encode_ses (&tmp_date, &tmp_time, &tmp_timestamp, NULL) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
      db_make_timestamp (result_timestamp, tmp_timestamp);
    }
  else
    {
      DB_TIMESTAMPTZ db_timestamptz;
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = tz_create_timestamptz_from_offset (&tmp_date, &tmp_time, tzh, tzm, &db_timestamptz);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      TZ_REGION session_tz_region;
      const char *dst = NULL;

      if (len_tzd > 0)
        {
          assert (start_tzd >= 0);
          dst = initial_buf_str + start_tzd;
        }
      tz_get_session_tz_region (&session_tz_region);
      error_status =
        tz_create_timestamptz_from_zoneid_and_tzd (&tmp_date, &tmp_time, &session_tz_region, zone_id, dst, len_tzd,
                               &db_timestamptz);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      db_make_timestamptz (result_timestamp, &db_timestamptz);
    }

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_to_datetime () -
 */
int
db_to_datetime (const DB_VALUE * src_str, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, const DB_TYPE type,
        DB_VALUE * result_datetime)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  DB_DATETIME tmp_datetime;

  const char *cur_format_str_ptr, *next_format_str_ptr;
  char *cs;         /* current source string pointer */
  const char *last_format, *last_src;

  int cur_format_size;
  TIMESTAMP_FORMAT cur_format;

  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0, day_of_the_week = 0, week = -1;
  int monthcount = 0, daycount = 0, yearcount = 0, day_of_the_weekcount = 0;

  double fraction;
  int millisecond = 0, second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0;
  int time_count = 0;
  int mil_time_count = 0;
  int am = false;
  int pm = false;

  int i;
  bool no_user_format;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  INTL_CODESET frmt_codeset;
  char stack_buf_str[64], stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL, *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false, do_free_buf_format = false;
  DB_VALUE default_format;
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;
  int tzh = 0, tzm = 0;
  bool set_tzh = false, set_tzm = false;
  int start_tzr = -1, start_tzd = -1;
  int len_tzr = -1, len_tzd = -1;
  int zone_id = -1;
  bool is_negative_tzd = false;

  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_datetime != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ);

  db_make_null (&default_format);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_datetime);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (date_lang, &date_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (src_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (src_str);
  if (lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset) == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (src_str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, true, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cs = initial_buf_str;
  last_src = cs + strlen (cs);

  last_src = (char *) intl_backskip_spaces (cs, last_src - 1, codeset);
  last_src = last_src + 1;

  no_user_format = (format_str == NULL) || (!has_user_format);

  if (no_user_format)
    {
      DB_DATETIME datetime_tmp;
      DB_DATETIMETZ datetimetz_tmp;
      const char *default_format_str;

      /* try default CUBRID format first */
      if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
    {
      if (db_string_to_datetime_ex ((const char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &datetime_tmp) == NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &datetime_tmp);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      bool has_zone;
      if (db_string_to_datetimetz_ex ((const char *) cs, CAST_BUFLEN (last_src - cs), &datetimetz_tmp, &has_zone)
          == NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_make_datetimetz (result_datetime, &datetimetz_tmp);
          goto exit;
        }
    }

      default_format_str = lang_date_format_parse (date_lang_id, codeset, type, &frmt_codeset);
      if (default_format_str == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

      db_make_char (&default_format, strlen (default_format_str), default_format_str,
            strlen (default_format_str), frmt_codeset, LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (frmt_codeset));
      format_str = &default_format;
    }
  if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_datetime);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  frmt_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, true,
                     &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
  last_format = cur_format_str_ptr + strlen (cur_format_str_ptr);

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

  while (cs < last_src)
    {
      int token_size, cmp, cs_byte_size;
      int am_pm_id;
      int k;

      cur_format = get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, type, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
    {
    case DT_YYYY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 4);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;
      break;

    case DT_YY:
      if (yearcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          yearcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &year, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      i = get_cur_year ();
      if (i == -1)
        {
          error_status = ER_SYSTEM_DATE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      year += (i / 100) * 100;
      break;

    case DT_MM:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &month, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (month < 1 || month > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MONTH:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MON:
      if (monthcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          monthcount++;
        }

      month = 0;

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &month, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (month == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DD:
      if (daycount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          daycount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (day < 0 || day > 31)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_AM:
    case DT_A_M:
    case DT_PM:
    case DT_P_M:
      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &am_pm_id, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      if (am_pm_id > 0)
        {
          if (am_pm_id % 2)
        {
          am = true;
        }
          else
        {
          pm = true;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;
      break;

    case DT_H:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 1);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;
      if (hour < 1 || hour > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_HH:
    case DT_HH12:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 1 || hour > 12)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_HH24:
      if (time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          time_count++;
        }

      if (mil_time_count != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          mil_time_count++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &hour, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (hour < 0 || hour > 23)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MI:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &minute, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (minute < 0 || minute > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_SS:
      k = parse_digits (cs, &second, 2);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (second < 0 || second > 59)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_MS:
      if (!char_isdigit (*cs))
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      for (i = 0, fraction = 100; char_isdigit (*cs); cs++, i++)
        {
          millisecond += (int) ((*cs - '0') * fraction + 0.5);
          fraction /= 10;
        }

      if (millisecond < 0 || millisecond > 999)
        {
          error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TEXT:
      if (codeset != frmt_codeset)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cmp = intl_case_match_tok (date_lang_id, codeset, (unsigned char *) (cur_format_str_ptr + 1),
                     (unsigned char *) cs, cur_format_size - 2, strlen (cs), &cs_byte_size);

      if (cmp != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cs_byte_size;
      break;

    case DT_PUNCTUATION:
      if (strncasecmp ((const char *) (void *) cur_format_str_ptr, (const char *) cs, cur_format_size) != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += cur_format_size;
      break;

    case DT_CC:
    case DT_Q:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;

    case DT_DAY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_DY:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      error_status =
        get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY_SHORT, date_lang_id, cs, codeset, &day_of_the_week, &token_size);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }

      cs += token_size;

      if (day_of_the_week == 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_D:
      if (day_of_the_weekcount != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_DUPLICATION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          day_of_the_weekcount++;
        }

      k = parse_digits (cs, &day_of_the_week, 1);
      if (k <= 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      cs += k;

      if (day_of_the_week < 1 || day_of_the_week > 7)
        {
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;

    case DT_TZR:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        start_tzr = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        zone_id = tz_get_best_match_zone (cs, &len_tzr);
        if (zone_id < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzr;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZD:
      {
        if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        start_tzd = CAST_BUFLEN (cs - initial_buf_str);
        len_tzd = parse_tzd (cs, TZD_MAX_EXPECTED_LEN);
        if (len_tzd < 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += len_tzd;
      }
      break;

    case DT_TZH:
    case DT_TZM:
      {
        int *p = NULL;

        if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }

        if (cur_format == DT_TZH)
          {
        p = &tzh;
        set_tzh = true;
          }
        else
          {
        p = &tzm;
        set_tzm = true;
          }

        /* Get the timezone hour offset */
        if (*cs == '+' || *cs == '-')
          {
        if (cur_format == DT_TZM)
          {
            error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            goto exit;
          }
        if (*cs == '-')
          {
            is_negative_tzd = true;
          }
        else
          {
            is_negative_tzd = false;
          }
        cs++;
          }

        k = parse_digits (cs, p, 2);
        if (k <= 0)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto exit;
          }
        cs += k;
      }
      break;

    case DT_NORMAL:
    case DT_INVALID:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    default:
      break;
    }

      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cur_format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cur_format_str_ptr))
    {
      cur_format_str_ptr++;
    }

      if (last_format == next_format_str_ptr)
    {
      while (cs < last_src && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }

      if (cs != last_src)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
      break;
    }
    }

  /* 2. Validations */
  if (len_tzd > 0 || len_tzr > 0)
    {
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }
  if (is_negative_tzd)
    {
      tzh = -tzh;
      tzm = -tzm;
    }

  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (cs != last_src || cur_format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  /**************            Check DATE        ****************/
  year = (yearcount == 0) ? get_cur_year () : year;
  month = (monthcount == 0) ? get_cur_month () : month;
  day = (daycount == 0) ? 1 : day;
  week = (day_of_the_weekcount == 0) ? -1 : day_of_the_week - 1;

  if (week != -1 && week != db_get_day_of_week (year, month, day))
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  /**************            Check TIME        ****************/
  if (am != 0 && pm == 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If A.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? 0 : hour;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm != 0 && hour <= 12)
    {               /* If P.M.  */
      hour = (hour == 12) ? hour : hour + 12;
    }
  else if (am == 0 && pm == 0)
    {               /* If military time */
      ;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

  /*************         Make DATETIME        *****************/
  error_status = db_datetime_encode (&tmp_datetime, month, day, year, hour, minute, second, millisecond);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  if (type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
    {
      if (db_make_datetime (result_datetime, &tmp_datetime) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      DB_DATETIMETZ db_datetimetz;
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_offset (&tmp_datetime, tzh, tzm, &db_datetimetz);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      TZ_REGION session_tz_region;
      const char *dst = NULL;

      tz_get_session_tz_region (&session_tz_region);
      if (len_tzd > 0)
        {
          assert (start_tzd >= 0);
          dst = initial_buf_str + start_tzd;
        }
      error_status =
        tz_create_datetimetz_from_zoneid_and_tzd (&tmp_datetime, &session_tz_region, zone_id, dst, len_tzd, false,
                              &db_datetimetz);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }
    }
      db_make_datetimetz (result_datetime, &db_datetimetz);
    }

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;
}


/*
 * adjust_precision () - Change representation of 'data' as of
 *    'precision' and 'scale'.
 *                       When data has invalid format, just return
 * return : DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE, DOMAIN_OVERFLOW, NO_ERROR
 *
 *  Note : This function is not localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *     grouping symbols. It assumes the default symbols ('.' for fraction
 *     symbol and ',' for digit grouping symbol)
 */
static int
adjust_precision (char *data, int precision, int scale)
{
  char tmp_data[DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION * 2 + 1];
  int scale_counter = 0;
  int i = 0;
  int before_dec_point = 0;
  int after_dec_point = 0;
  int space_started = false;

  if (data == NULL || precision < 0 || precision > DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION || scale < 0
      || scale > DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION)
    {
      return DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE;
    }

  if (*data == '-')
    {
      tmp_data[0] = '-';
      i++;
    }
  else if (*data == '+')
    {
      i++;
    }

  for (; i < DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION && *(data + i) != '\0' && *(data + i) != '.'; i++)
    {
      if (char_isdigit (*(data + i)))
    {
      tmp_data[i] = *(data + i);
      before_dec_point++;
    }
      else if (char_isspace (*(data + i)))
    {
      space_started = true;
      break;
    }
      else
    {
      return DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE;
    }
    }

  if (space_started != 0)
    {
      int j = i;
      while (char_isspace (*(data + j)))
    {
      j++;
    }

      if (*(data + j) != '\0')
    {
      return DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE;
    }
    }

  if (*(data + i) == '.')
    {
      tmp_data[i] = '.';
      i++;
      while (*(data + i) != '\0' && scale_counter < scale)
    {
      if (char_isdigit (*(data + i)))
        {
          tmp_data[i] = *(data + i);
          after_dec_point++;
        }
      else if (char_isspace (*(data + i)))
        {
          space_started = true;
          break;
        }
      else
        {
          return DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE;
        }
      scale_counter++;
      i++;
    }

      if (space_started != 0)
    {
      int j = i;
      while (char_isspace (*(data + j)))
        {
          j++;
        }

      if (*(data + j) != '\0')
        {
          return DOMAIN_INCOMPATIBLE;
        }
    }

      while (scale_counter < scale)
    {
      tmp_data[i] = '0';
      scale_counter++;
      i++;
    }

    }
  else if (*(data + i) == '\0')
    {
      tmp_data[i] = '.';
      i++;
      while (scale_counter < scale)
    {
      tmp_data[i] = '0';
      scale_counter++;
      i++;
    }

    }
  else
    {
      return DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE;
    }

  if (before_dec_point + after_dec_point > DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION || after_dec_point > DB_DEFAULT_NUMERIC_PRECISION
      || before_dec_point > precision - scale)
    {
      return DOMAIN_OVERFLOW;
    }

  tmp_data[i] = '\0';
  strcpy (data, tmp_data);
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_to_number () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
int
db_to_number (const DB_VALUE * src_str, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * number_lang,
          DB_VALUE * result_num)
{
#define DB_NUMERIC_E38_MAX "99999999999999999999999999999999999999"
  /* default precision and scale is (38, 0) */
  /* it is more profitable that the definition of this value is located in some header file */
  const char *dflt_format_str = DB_NUMERIC_E38_MAX;

  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  char *cs;         /* current source string pointer */
  char *last_cs;
  char *format_str_ptr;
  char *last_format;
  char *next_fsp;       /* next format string pointer */
  int token_length;
  int count_format = 0;
  int cur_format;

  int precision = 0;        /* retain precision of format_str */
  int scale = 0;
  int loopvar, met_decptr = 0;
  int use_default_precision = 0;

  char *first_cs_for_error, *first_format_str_for_error;

  char stack_buf_str[64], stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL, *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false, do_free_buf_format = false;
  char digit_grouping_symbol;
  char fraction_symbol;
  bool has_user_format;
  bool dummy;
  int number_lang_id;
  TP_DOMAIN *domain;
  INTL_CODESET format_codeset = INTL_CODESET_NONE;

  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_num != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (number_lang != NULL);
  assert (format_str != NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_num);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (false == is_char_string (src_str))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (src_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (number_lang) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);
  number_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (db_get_int (number_lang), &has_user_format, &dummy);
  digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (number_lang_id);
  fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (number_lang_id);

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (src_str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, false, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

  cs = initial_buf_str;
  last_cs = cs + strlen (cs);

  /* If there is no format */
  if (!has_user_format)
    {
      format_str_ptr = (char *) dflt_format_str;
      last_format = format_str_ptr + strlen (dflt_format_str);
    }
  else              /* format_str != NULL */
    {
      /* Format string type checking */
      if (is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      error_status =
        db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, false,
                         &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
      format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
      last_format = format_str_ptr + strlen (format_str_ptr);
      format_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

      if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
    }

  last_cs = (char *) intl_backskip_spaces (cs, last_cs - 1, db_get_string_codeset (src_str));
  last_cs = last_cs + 1;

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_cs && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }
  while (format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *format_str_ptr))
    {
      format_str_ptr++;
    }
  first_cs_for_error = cs;
  first_format_str_for_error = format_str_ptr;

  /* get precision and scale of format_str */
  for (loopvar = 0; format_str_ptr + loopvar < last_format; loopvar++)
    {
      switch (*(format_str_ptr + loopvar))
    {
    case '9':
    case '0':
      precision++;
      if (met_decptr > 0)
        {
          scale++;
        }
      break;

    case 'c':
    case 'C':
    case 's':
    case 'S':
      break;

    default:
      if (*(format_str_ptr + loopvar) == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          break;
        }
      else if (*(format_str_ptr + loopvar) == fraction_symbol)
        {
          met_decptr++;
          break;
        }
      precision = 0;
      scale = 0;
      use_default_precision = 1;
    }

      if (precision + scale > DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION)
    {
      domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (DB_TYPE_NUMERIC);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW, 1, pr_type_name (TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain)));
      error_status = ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW;
      goto exit;
    }

      if (use_default_precision == 1)
    {
      /* scientific notation */
      precision = DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION;
      scale = DB_DEFAULT_NUMERIC_PRECISION;
      break;
    }
    }

  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (cs < last_cs)
    {
      cur_format =
    get_number_token (number_lang_id, format_str_ptr, &token_length, last_format, &next_fsp, format_codeset);
      switch (cur_format)
    {
    case N_FORMAT:
      if (count_format != 0)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;
        }

      error_status =
        make_number (cs, last_cs, db_get_string_codeset (src_str), format_str_ptr, &token_length, result_num,
             precision, scale, number_lang_id);
      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
        {
          count_format++;
          cs += token_length;
        }
      else if (error_status == ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW)
        {
          domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (DB_TYPE_NUMERIC);
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, pr_type_name (TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain)));
          goto exit;
        }
      else
        {
          goto format_mismatch;
        }

      break;

    case N_SPACE:
      if (!strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          goto format_mismatch;
        }

      while (cs < last_cs && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }
      break;

    case N_TEXT:
      if (strncasecmp ((format_str_ptr + 1), cs, token_length - 2) != 0)
        {
          goto format_mismatch;
        }
      cs += token_length - 2;
      break;

    case N_INVALID:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;

    case N_END:
      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (cs < last_cs && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
        {
          cs++;
        }

      if (cs != last_cs)
        {
          goto format_mismatch;
        }
      break;
    }

      while (cs < last_cs && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      format_str_ptr = next_fsp;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (format_str_ptr < last_format && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *format_str_ptr))
    {
      format_str_ptr++;
    }
    }

  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (cs != last_cs || format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      goto format_mismatch;
    }

  result_num->domain.numeric_info.precision = precision;
  result_num->domain.numeric_info.scale = scale;

  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;

format_mismatch:
  while (strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *(last_cs - 1)))
    {
      last_cs--;
    }
  *last_cs = '\0';

  error_status = ER_QSTR_TONUM_FORMAT_MISMATCH;
  if (first_format_str_for_error == dflt_format_str)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, first_cs_for_error, "default");
    }
  else
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, first_cs_for_error, first_format_str_for_error);
    }

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error_status;
#undef DB_NUMERIC_E38_MAX
}

/*
 * date_to_char () -
 */
static int
date_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * date_lang,
          DB_VALUE * result_str, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  const char *cur_format_str_ptr, *next_format_str_ptr;
  const char *last_format_str_ptr;

  int cur_format_size;
  TIMESTAMP_FORMAT cur_format;

  char *result_buf = NULL;
  int result_len = 0;
  int result_size = 0;

  int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
  int second = 0, minute = 0, hour = 0, millisecond = 0;

  int i;

  unsigned int tmp_int;
  DB_DATE tmp_date;
  DB_TIME tmp_time;

  bool no_user_format;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;

  char stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_format = false;
  const INTL_CODESET codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
  const int collation_id = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;

  assert (src_value != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (date_lang != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_value))
    {
      db_make_null (result_str);
      return error_status;
    }

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);

  if (TP_IS_DATE_OR_TIME_TYPE (src_type) != true)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if (date_lang == NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date_lang))
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (date_lang, &date_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  no_user_format = (format_str == NULL) || (!has_user_format);

  if (no_user_format)
    {
      int retval = 0;

      switch (src_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_DATE_LENGTH + 1);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      result_len = QSTR_DATE_LENGTH;
      retval = db_date_to_string (result_buf, QSTR_DATE_LENGTH + 1, db_get_date (src_value));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_TIME_LENGTH + 1);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      result_len = QSTR_TIME_LENGTH;
      retval = db_time_to_string (result_buf, QSTR_TIME_LENGTH + 1, db_get_time (src_value));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_TIME_STAMPLENGTH + 1);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      result_len = QSTR_TIME_STAMPLENGTH;
      retval = db_timestamp_to_string (result_buf, QSTR_TIME_STAMPLENGTH + 1, db_get_timestamp (src_value));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, QSTR_DATETIME_LENGTH + 1);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      result_len = QSTR_DATETIME_LENGTH;
      retval = db_datetime_to_string (result_buf, QSTR_DATETIME_LENGTH + 1, db_get_datetime (src_value));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
        DB_DATETIMETZ dtz;
        result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, DATETIMETZ_BUF_SIZE);
        if (result_buf == NULL)
          {
        error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
        return error_status;
          }
        dtz = *db_get_datetimetz (src_value);
        retval = db_datetimetz_to_string (result_buf, DATETIMETZ_BUF_SIZE, &dtz.datetime, &dtz.tz_id);
        result_len = retval;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, DATETIMETZ_BUF_SIZE);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      retval = db_datetimeltz_to_string (result_buf, DATETIMETZ_BUF_SIZE, db_get_datetime (src_value));
      result_len = retval;
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
        DB_TIMESTAMPTZ tsmp_tz;
        result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, TIMESTAMPTZ_BUF_SIZE);

        if (result_buf == NULL)
          {
        error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
        return error_status;
          }
        tsmp_tz = *db_get_timestamptz (src_value);
        retval = db_timestamptz_to_string (result_buf, TIMESTAMPTZ_BUF_SIZE, &tsmp_tz.timestamp, &tsmp_tz.tz_id);
        result_len = retval;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, TIMESTAMPTZ_BUF_SIZE);

      if (result_buf == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          return error_status;
        }
      retval = db_timestampltz_to_string (result_buf, TIMESTAMPTZ_BUF_SIZE, db_get_timestamp (src_value));
      result_len = retval;
      break;

    default:
      break;
    }

      if (retval == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
      return error_status;
    }

      db_make_varchar (result_str, result_len, result_buf, result_len, codeset, collation_id);
    }
  else
    {
      INTL_CODESET frmt_codeset;
      char tzr[TZR_SIZE + 1], tzd[TZ_DS_STRING_SIZE + 1];
      int tzh, tzm;
      int ntzr = 0, ntzd = 0;
      int len_tzr = 0, len_tzd = 0;
      bool has_tzh = false, has_tzm = false;
      TZ_ID tz_id;

      tzr[0] = '\0';
      tzd[0] = '\0';
      assert (!DB_IS_NULL (date_lang));

      if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_str);
      goto exit;
    }

      /* compute allocation size : trade-off exact size (and small mem usage) vs speed */
      result_len = (db_get_string_length (format_str) * QSTR_TO_CHAR_LEN_MULTIPLIER_RATIO);

      if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }

      frmt_codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

      error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, false,
                         &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto exit;
    }

      cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
      last_format_str_ptr = cur_format_str_ptr + strlen (cur_format_str_ptr);

      /* First compute the number of TZR and TZD tokens if any */
      cur_format = DT_NORMAL;
      for (;;)
    {
      cur_format =
        get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, src_type, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
        {
        case DT_TZR:
          ntzr++;
          break;

        case DT_TZD:
          ntzd++;
          break;

        case DT_TZH:
          has_tzh = true;
          break;

        case DT_TZM:
          has_tzm = true;
          break;

        case DT_INVALID:
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          goto exit;

        default:
          break;
        }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;
      if (next_format_str_ptr == last_format_str_ptr)
        {
          break;
        }
    }

      switch (src_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      db_date_decode (db_get_date (src_value), &month, &day, &year);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      {
        DB_TIME *tm;

        tm = db_get_time (src_value);
        if (ntzr != 0 || ntzd != 0 || has_tzh == true || has_tzm == true)
          {
        error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_time (tm, true, &tz_id);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
            goto exit;
          }
          }
        db_time_decode (tm, &hour, &minute, &second);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
      {
        DB_TIMESTAMP *tsmp;

        tsmp = db_get_timestamp (src_value);
        if (ntzr != 0 || ntzd != 0 || has_tzh == true || has_tzm == true)
          {
        error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_timestamp (tsmp, &tz_id);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
            goto exit;
          }
          }
        (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (tsmp, &tmp_date, &tmp_time);
        db_date_decode (&tmp_date, &month, &day, &year);
        db_time_decode (&tmp_time, &hour, &minute, &second);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      {
        DB_DATETIME *dt;

        dt = db_get_datetime (src_value);
        if (ntzr != 0 || ntzd != 0 || has_tzh == true || has_tzm == true)
          {
        error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_datetime (dt, true, &tz_id);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
            goto exit;
          }
          }
        db_datetime_decode (dt, &month, &day, &year, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
        DB_DATETIMETZ dtz;
        DB_DATETIME dt_local;

        dtz = *db_get_datetimetz (src_value);
        tz_id = dtz.tz_id;
        error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dtz.datetime, &dtz.tz_id, &dt_local);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }
        db_datetime_decode (&dt_local, &month, &day, &year, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      {
        DB_DATETIME *dt, dt_local;

        dt = db_get_datetime (src_value);
        error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_datetime (dt, true, &tz_id);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }

        error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (dt, &tz_id, &dt_local);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }
        db_datetime_decode (&dt_local, &month, &day, &year, &hour, &minute, &second, &millisecond);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
        DB_TIMESTAMPTZ tsmp_tz;
        DB_DATE date;
        DB_TIME time;

        tsmp_tz = *db_get_timestamptz (src_value);
        tz_id = tsmp_tz.tz_id;
        error_status = db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (&tsmp_tz.timestamp, &tsmp_tz.tz_id, &date, &time);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }
        db_date_decode (&date, &month, &day, &year);
        db_time_decode (&time, &hour, &minute, &second);
      }
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      {
        DB_TIMESTAMP *tsmp;
        DB_DATE date;
        DB_TIME time;

        tsmp = db_get_timestamp (src_value);
        error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_timestamp (tsmp, &tz_id);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }

        error_status = db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (tsmp, &tz_id, &date, &time);
        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
        goto exit;
          }
        db_date_decode (&date, &month, &day, &year);
        db_time_decode (&time, &hour, &minute, &second);
      }
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }

      if (ntzr != 0 || ntzd != 0 || has_tzh == true || has_tzm == true)
    {
      int len = db_get_string_length (format_str);
      int left;

      error_status = tz_explain_tz_id (&tz_id, tzr, TZR_SIZE + 1, tzd, TZ_DS_STRING_SIZE + 1, &tzh, &tzm);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto exit;
        }
      left = len - 3 * ntzr - 3 * ntzd;
      len_tzr = strlen (tzr);
      len_tzd = strlen (tzd);
      result_len = left * QSTR_TO_CHAR_LEN_MULTIPLIER_RATIO + len_tzr * ntzr + len_tzd * ntzd;
    }

      result_size = result_len * INTL_CODESET_MULT (codeset);
      if (result_size > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto exit;
    }
      result_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, result_size + 1);
      if (result_buf == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto exit;
    }

      i = 0;
      cur_format = DT_NORMAL;
      cur_format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;

      while (i < result_size)
    {
      int token_case_mode;
      int token_size;

      cur_format =
        get_next_format (cur_format_str_ptr, frmt_codeset, src_type, &cur_format_size, &next_format_str_ptr);
      switch (cur_format)
        {
        case DT_CC:
          if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
        {
          goto zerodate_exit;
        }

          tmp_int = (year / 100) + 1;
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", tmp_int);
          i += 2;
          cur_format_str_ptr += 2;
          break;

        case DT_YYYY:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%04d\n", year);
          i += 4;
          break;

        case DT_YY:
          tmp_int = year - (year / 100) * 100;
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", tmp_int);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_MM:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", month);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_MONTH:
        case DT_MON:
          if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
        {
          goto zerodate_exit;
        }

          if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'm')
        {
          token_case_mode = 1;
        }
          else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 1) == 'O')
        {
          token_case_mode = 2;
        }
          else
        {
          token_case_mode = 0;
        }

          if (cur_format == DT_MONTH)
        {
          error_status =
            print_string_date_token (SDT_MONTH, date_lang_id, codeset, month - 1, token_case_mode,
                         &result_buf[i], &token_size);
        }
          else      /* cur_format == DT_MON */
        {
          error_status =
            print_string_date_token (SDT_MONTH_SHORT, date_lang_id, codeset, month - 1, token_case_mode,
                         &result_buf[i], &token_size);
        }

          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
          goto exit;
        }

          i += token_size;
          break;

        case DT_Q:
          if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
        {
          goto zerodate_exit;
        }

          result_buf[i] = '1' + ((month - 1) / 3);
          i++;
          break;

        case DT_DD:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", day);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_DAY:
        case DT_DY:
          if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
        {
          goto zerodate_exit;
        }

          tmp_int = get_day (month, day, year);

          if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'd')
        {
          token_case_mode = 1;
        }
          else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 1) == 'A')    /* "DAY" */
        {
          token_case_mode = 2;
        }
          else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 1) == 'Y')    /* "DY" */
        {
          token_case_mode = 2;
        }
          else
        {
          token_case_mode = 0;
        }

          if (cur_format == DT_DAY)
        {
          error_status =
            print_string_date_token (SDT_DAY, date_lang_id, codeset, tmp_int, token_case_mode, &result_buf[i],
                         &token_size);
        }
          else      /* cur_format == DT_DY */
        {
          error_status =
            print_string_date_token (SDT_DAY_SHORT, date_lang_id, codeset, tmp_int, token_case_mode,
                         &result_buf[i], &token_size);
        }

          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
          goto exit;
        }

          i += token_size;
          break;

        case DT_D:
          if (month == 0 && day == 0 && year == 0)
        {
          goto zerodate_exit;
        }

          tmp_int = get_day (month, day, year);
          result_buf[i] = '0' + tmp_int + 1;    /* sun=1 */
          i += 1;
          break;

        case DT_AM:
        case DT_PM:
          {
        int am_pm_id = -1;
        int am_pm_len = 0;

        if (0 <= hour && hour <= 11)
          {
            if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'a' || *cur_format_str_ptr == 'p')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) am_NAME;
              }
            else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 1) == 'm')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) Am_NAME;
              }
            else
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) AM_NAME;
              }
          }
        else if (12 <= hour && hour <= 23)
          {
            if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'p' || *cur_format_str_ptr == 'a')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) pm_NAME;
              }
            else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 1) == 'm')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) Pm_NAME;
              }
            else
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) PM_NAME;
              }
          }
        else
          {
            error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
            goto exit;
          }

        assert (am_pm_id >= (int) am_NAME && am_pm_id <= (int) P_M_NAME);

        error_status =
          print_string_date_token (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, codeset, am_pm_id, 0, &result_buf[i], &am_pm_len);

        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
            db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
            goto exit;
          }

        i += am_pm_len;
          }
          break;

        case DT_A_M:
        case DT_P_M:
          {
        int am_pm_id = -1;
        int am_pm_len = 0;

        if (0 <= hour && hour <= 11)
          {
            if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'a' || *cur_format_str_ptr == 'p')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) a_m_NAME;
              }
            else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 2) == 'm')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) A_m_NAME;
              }
            else
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) A_M_NAME;
              }
          }
        else if (12 <= hour && hour <= 23)
          {
            if (*cur_format_str_ptr == 'p' || *cur_format_str_ptr == 'a')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) p_m_NAME;
              }
            else if (*(cur_format_str_ptr + 2) == 'm')
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) P_m_NAME;
              }
            else
              {
            am_pm_id = (int) P_M_NAME;
              }
          }
        else
          {
            error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
            er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
            goto exit;
          }

        assert (am_pm_id >= (int) am_NAME && am_pm_id <= (int) P_M_NAME);

        error_status =
          print_string_date_token (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, codeset, am_pm_id, 0, &result_buf[i], &am_pm_len);

        if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
          {
            db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
            goto exit;
          }

        i += am_pm_len;
          }
          break;

        case DT_HH:
        case DT_HH12:
          tmp_int = hour % 12;
          if (tmp_int == 0)
        {
          tmp_int = 12;
        }
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", tmp_int);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_HH24:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", hour);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_MI:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", minute);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_SS:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", second);
          i += 2;
          break;

        case DT_MS:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%03d\n", millisecond);
          i += 3;
          break;

        case DT_INVALID:
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
          goto exit;

        case DT_NORMAL:
          memcpy (&result_buf[i], cur_format_str_ptr, cur_format_size);
          i += cur_format_size;
          break;

        case DT_TEXT:
          memcpy (&result_buf[i], cur_format_str_ptr + 1, cur_format_size - 2);
          i += cur_format_size - 2;
          break;

        case DT_PUNCTUATION:
          memcpy (&result_buf[i], cur_format_str_ptr, cur_format_size);
          i += cur_format_size;
          break;

        case DT_TZR:
          {
        memcpy (&result_buf[i], tzr, len_tzr);
        i += len_tzr;
          }
          break;

        case DT_TZD:
          {
        memcpy (&result_buf[i], tzd, len_tzd);
        i += len_tzd;
          }
          break;

        case DT_TZH:
          if ((tzh >= 0) && (tzm >= 0))
        {
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%c%02d\n", '+', tzh);
        }
          else
        {
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%c%02d\n", '-', -tzh);
        }
          i += 3;
          break;

        case DT_TZM:
          sprintf (&result_buf[i], "%02d\n", ((tzm < 0) ? -tzm : tzm));
          result_size--;
          i += 2;
          break;

        default:
          break;
        }

      cur_format_str_ptr = next_format_str_ptr;
      if (next_format_str_ptr == last_format_str_ptr)
        {
          break;
        }
    }

      db_make_varchar (result_str, result_len, result_buf, i, codeset, collation_id);
    }

  result_str->need_clear = true;

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }
  return error_status;

zerodate_exit:
  if (result_buf != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result_buf);
    }
  db_make_null (result_str);
  goto exit;
}

/*
 * number_to_char () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
number_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format_str, const DB_VALUE * number_lang,
        DB_VALUE * result_str, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  char tmp_str[NUMERIC_MAX_STRING_SIZE];

  char *cs = NULL;      /* current source string pointer */
  char *format_str_ptr, *last_format;
  char *next_fsp;       /* next format string pointer */
  int token_length = 0;
  int cur_format;
  char *res_string, *res_ptr;
  int i, j;
  char stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_format = false;
  INTL_LANG number_lang_id;
  char fraction_symbol;
  char digit_grouping_symbol;
  bool has_user_format = false;
  bool dummy;
  const INTL_CODESET codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
  const int collation_id = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);
  DB_CURRENCY currency = DB_CURRENCY_NULL;

  assert (src_value != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (number_lang != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (number_lang == NULL)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      assert (number_lang != NULL);
      return ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }

  /* now return null */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_value))
    {
      db_make_null (result_str);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = check_date_lang_on_prepared (number_lang, &number_lang_id, &has_user_format);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (number_lang_id);
  digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (number_lang_id);
  currency = lang_locale_currency (lang_get_lang_name_from_id (number_lang_id));

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (src_value))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      numeric_db_value_print (src_value, tmp_str);
      cs = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (tmp_str) + 1);
      if (cs == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      return error_status;
    }
      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (tmp_str, strlen (tmp_str), INTL_LANG_ENGLISH, number_lang_id);
    }
      strcpy (cs, tmp_str);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%d", db_get_int (src_value));
      cs = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (tmp_str) + 1);
      if (cs == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      return error_status;
    }
      strcpy (cs, tmp_str);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%lld", (long long) db_get_bigint (src_value));
      cs = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (tmp_str) + 1);
      if (cs == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      return error_status;
    }
      strcpy (cs, tmp_str);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%d", db_get_short (src_value));
      cs = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (tmp_str) + 1);
      if (cs == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      return error_status;
    }
      strcpy (cs, tmp_str);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%.6e", db_get_float (src_value));
      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (tmp_str, strlen (tmp_str), INTL_LANG_ENGLISH, number_lang_id);
    }
      if (scientific_to_decimal_string (number_lang_id, tmp_str, &cs) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      return ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%.15e", db_get_double (src_value));
      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (tmp_str, strlen (tmp_str), INTL_LANG_ENGLISH, number_lang_id);
    }
      if (scientific_to_decimal_string (number_lang_id, tmp_str, &cs) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      return ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      currency = (db_get_monetary (src_value))->type;
      sprintf (tmp_str, "%.15e", (db_get_monetary (src_value))->amount);
      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (tmp_str, strlen (tmp_str), INTL_LANG_ENGLISH, number_lang_id);
    }
      if (scientific_to_decimal_string (number_lang_id, tmp_str, &cs) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
      return ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }
      break;

    default:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  assert (cs != NULL);

  /* Remove 'trailing zero' source string */
  for (i = 0; cs[i] != '\0'; i++)
    {
      if (cs[i] == fraction_symbol)
    {
      i += strlen (cs + i);
      i--;
      while (cs[i] == '0')
        {
          i--;
        }
      if (cs[i] != fraction_symbol)
        {
          i++;
        }

      cs[i] = '\0';
      break;
    }
    }

  if (format_str == NULL || !has_user_format)
    {
      /* Caution: VARCHAR's Size */
      db_make_varchar (result_str, (ssize_t) strlen (cs), cs, strlen (cs), codeset, collation_id);
      result_str->need_clear = true;
      return error_status;
    }
  else
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
      db_make_null (result_str);
      return error_status;
    }

      /* Format string type checking */
      if (is_char_string (format_str))
    {
      if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_FORMAT_TOO_LONG;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
          return error_status;
        }

      error_status =
        db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, false,
                         &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
          goto exit;
        }

      format_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
      last_format = format_str_ptr + strlen (format_str_ptr);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
      return error_status;
    }

      if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
      goto exit;
    }

      /* Memory allocation for result */
      /* size is bigger two times than strlen(format_str_ptr) */
      /* because of format 'C'(currency) */
      /* 'C' can be expanded accoding to CODE_SET */
      /* +1 implies minus - */
      res_string = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (format_str_ptr) * 2 + 1);
      if (res_string == NULL)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = er_errid ();
      goto exit;
    }

      res_ptr = res_string;

      /* Skip space, tab, CR */
      while (strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *cs))
    {
      cs++;
    }

      while (format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      cur_format =
        get_number_token (number_lang_id, format_str_ptr, &token_length, last_format, &next_fsp, codeset);
      switch (cur_format)
        {
        case N_FORMAT:
          if (make_number_to_char (number_lang_id, cs, format_str_ptr, &token_length, currency, &res_ptr, codeset)
          != NO_ERROR)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res_string);
          goto exit;
        }
          /* Remove space character between sign,curerency and number */
          i = 0;
          j = 0;
          while (i < token_length)
        {
          DB_CURRENCY currency = DB_CURRENCY_NULL;
          int symbol_size = 0;

          /* check currency symbols */
          if (intl_is_currency_symbol (&(res_ptr[i]), &currency, &symbol_size,
                           (CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE) (CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_CONSOLE |
                                      CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_UTF8 |
                                      CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_ISO88591)))
            {
              i += symbol_size;
            }
          else if (res_ptr[i] == '+' || res_ptr[i] == '-')
            {
              i += 1;
            }
          else if (res_ptr[i] == ' ')
            {
              while (res_ptr[i + j] == ' ')
            {
              j++;
            }
              while (i > 0)
            {
              i--;
              res_ptr[i + j] = res_ptr[i];
              res_ptr[i] = ' ';
            }
              break;
            }
          else
            {
              break;
            }
        }
          res_ptr += token_length;
          break;
        case N_SPACE:
          strncpy (res_ptr, format_str_ptr, token_length);
          res_ptr += token_length;
          break;
        case N_TEXT:
          strncpy (res_ptr, (format_str_ptr + 1), token_length - 2);
          res_ptr += token_length - 2;
          break;
        case N_INVALID:
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res_string);
          goto exit;
        case N_END:
          *res_ptr = '\0';
          break;
        }

      format_str_ptr = next_fsp;
    }

      *res_ptr = '\0';
    }

  /* Both format and src should end at same time */
  if (format_str_ptr != last_format)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res_string);

      goto exit;
    }

  db_make_varchar (result_str, (ssize_t) strlen (res_string), res_string, strlen (res_string), codeset, collation_id);
  result_str->need_clear = true;
  db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);

exit:
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * lob_to_bit_char ()
 */
static int
lob_to_bit_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value, DB_TYPE lob_type, int max_length)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO *elo;
  char *cs = NULL;      /* current source string pointer */
  INT64 size = 0LL;

  assert (lob_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB || lob_type == DB_TYPE_CLOB);

  elo = db_get_elo (src_value);
  if (elo)
    {
      size = db_elo_size (elo);
      if (size < 0)
    {
      if (er_errid () == ER_ES_GENERAL)
        {
          /* by the spec, some lob handling functions treats the read error as a NULL value */
          db_make_null (result_value);
          /* clear the error set before */
          er_clear ();
          return NO_ERROR;
        }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QSTR_BAD_LENGTH, 1, size);
      return ER_QSTR_BAD_LENGTH;
    }
      if (max_length < 0 || max_length > DB_MAX_STRING_LENGTH)
    {
      max_length = DB_MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
    }
      if (lob_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB)
    {
      /* convert max_length, which is a number of bits, to number of bytes to read */
      max_length = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (max_length);
    }
      if (max_length > size)
    {
      max_length = (int) size;
    }

      cs = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, max_length + 1);
      if (cs == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      return error_status;
    }
      if (max_length > 0)
    {
      error_status = db_elo_read (elo, 0, cs, max_length, NULL);
      if (error_status == ER_ES_GENERAL)
        {
          /* by the spec, some lob handling functions treats the read error as a NULL value */
          db_make_null (result_value);
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);

          /* clear the error set before */
          er_clear ();
          return NO_ERROR;
        }
      else if (error_status < 0)
        {
          db_private_free_and_init (NULL, cs);
          return error_status;
        }
    }
      cs[max_length] = '\0';

      if (lob_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB)
    {
      /* convert the converted max_length to number of bits */
      max_length *= 8;
      db_make_varbit (result_value, max_length, cs, max_length);
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_varchar (result_value, max_length, cs, max_length, LANG_COERCIBLE_CODESET, LANG_COERCIBLE_COLL);
    }
      result_value->need_clear = true;
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * lob_from_file () -
 */
static int
lob_from_file (const char *path, const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * lob_value, DB_TYPE lob_type)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO temp_elo, *result_elo;
  INT64 size, chk_size;
  off_t pos;
  char lob_chunk[LOB_CHUNK_SIZE + 1];

  assert (lob_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB || lob_type == DB_TYPE_CLOB);

  elo_init_structure (&temp_elo);
  temp_elo.type = ELO_FBO;
  temp_elo.locator = (char *) path;
  size = db_elo_size (&temp_elo);
  if (size < 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_ES_INVALID_PATH;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, db_get_string (src_value));
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = db_create_fbo (lob_value, lob_type);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
  result_elo = db_get_elo (lob_value);

  pos = 0;
  while (size > 0)
    {
      chk_size = (size < LOB_CHUNK_SIZE) ? size : LOB_CHUNK_SIZE;
      error_status = db_elo_read (&temp_elo, pos, lob_chunk, chk_size, &chk_size);
      if (error_status < 0)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
      error_status = db_elo_write (result_elo, pos, lob_chunk, chk_size, NULL);
      if (error_status < 0)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
      size -= chk_size;
      pos += chk_size;
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * lob_length () -
 */
static int
lob_length (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO *elo;
  INT64 length;

  elo = db_get_elo (src_value);
  if (elo)
    {
      /*
       * Hack:
       * In order to check the existence of the file,
       * it is required to make to invoke real file operation.
       * Because elo_size() will return the cached elo->size,
       * we need to reset it to -1.
       */
      elo->size = -1;
      length = db_elo_size (elo);
      if (length < 0)
    {
      if (er_errid () == ER_ES_GENERAL)
        {
          /* by the spec, some lob handling functions treats the read error as a NULL value */
          db_make_null (result_value);
          /* clear the error set before */
          er_clear ();
          return NO_ERROR;
        }
      error_status = (int) length;
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_bigint (result_value, length);
    }
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * make_number_to_char () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
make_number_to_char (const INTL_LANG lang, char *num_string, char *format_str, int *length, DB_CURRENCY currency,
             char **result_str, INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  int flag_sign = 1;
  int leadingzero = false;
  char *res_str = *result_str;
  char *num, *format, *res;
  char *init_format = format_str;

  char format_end_char = init_format[*length];
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (lang);
  const char digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (lang);

  init_format[*length] = '\0';

  /* code for patch..  emm..  */
  if (strlen (format_str) == 5 && !strncasecmp (format_str, "seeee", 5))
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  else if (strlen (format_str) == 5 && !strncasecmp (format_str, "ceeee", 5))
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  else if (strlen (format_str) == 6 && !strncasecmp (format_str, "sceeee", 6))
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  /* Check minus */
  if (*num_string == '-')
    {
      *res_str = '-';
      num_string++;
      res_str++;
      flag_sign = -1;
    }

  /* Check sign */
  if (char_tolower (*format_str) == 's')
    {
      if (flag_sign == 1)
    {
      *res_str = '+';
      res_str++;
    }
      format_str++;
    }

  if (*format_str == '\0')
    {
      init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
      /* patch for format: '9999 s' */
      *res_str = '\0';

      *length = strlen (*result_str);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* Check currency */
  if (char_tolower (*format_str) == 'c')
    {
      const char *money_symbol = intl_get_money_symbol (currency, codeset);

      strcpy (res_str, money_symbol);
      res_str += strlen (money_symbol);

      format_str++;
    }

  if (*format_str == '\0')
    {
      init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
      /* patch for format: '9999 s' */
      *res_str = '\0';
      *length = strlen (*result_str);

      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* So far, format:'s','c' are settled */
  if (*length > 4 && !strncasecmp (&init_format[*length - 4], "eeee", 4))
    {
      int cipher = 0;

      num = num_string;
      format = format_str;

      if (*num == '0')
    {
      num++;
      if (*num == '\0')
        {
          while (*format == '0' || *format == '9' || *format == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          format++;
        }

          if (*format == fraction_symbol)
        {
          *res_str = '0';
          res_str++;

          format++;

          *res_str = fraction_symbol;
          res_str++;

          while (1)
            {
              if (*format == '0' || *format == '9')
            {
              *res_str = '0';
              res_str++;
              format++;
            }
              else if (char_tolower (*format) == 'e')
            {
              *res_str = '\0';
              init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
              make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
              *length = strlen (*result_str);

              return NO_ERROR;
            }
              else
            {
              return ER_FAILED;
            }
            }
        }
          else if (*format == 'e')
        {
          *res_str = '0';
          res_str++;
          *res_str = '\0';
          init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
          make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
          *length = strlen (*result_str);

          return NO_ERROR;
        }
          else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
        }
      else if (*num == fraction_symbol)
        {
          num++;
          while (1)
        {
          if (*num == '0')
            {
              cipher--;
              num++;
            }
          else if (char_isdigit (*num))
            {
              cipher--;
              break;
            }
          else if (char_tolower (*num) == 'e')
            {
              break;
            }
          else if (*num == '\0')
            {
              return ER_FAILED;
            }
          else
            {
              return ER_FAILED;
            }
        }
        }
      else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      while (1)
        {
          if (char_isdigit (*num))
        {
          cipher++;
          num++;
        }
          else if (*num == fraction_symbol || *num == '\0')
        {
          cipher--;
          break;
        }
          else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
        }
    }

      while (*format == '0' || *format == '9' || *format == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      format++;
    }

      if (*format != fraction_symbol && char_tolower (*format) != 'e')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

      num = num_string;
      res = res_str;

      while (1)
    {
      if ('0' < *num && *num <= '9')
        {
          *res = *num;
          res++;
          num++;
          break;
        }
      else
        {
          num++;
        }
    }

      if (char_tolower (*format) == 'e')
    {
      *res = '\0';
      if (*num == fraction_symbol)
        {
          num++;
          if (char_isdigit (*num) && *num - '0' > 4)
        {
          roundoff (lang, *result_str, 1, &cipher, (char *) NULL);
        }
        }
      else if (char_isdigit (*num))
        {
          if (char_isdigit (*num) && *num - '0' > 4)
        {
          roundoff (lang, *result_str, 1, &cipher, (char *) NULL);
        }
        }
      else if (*num == '\0')
        {
          /* do nothing */
        }
      else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }

      /* emm */
      init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
      make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
      *length = strlen (*result_str);

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      else
    {
      *res = *format;
      res++;
      format++;
    }

      while (1)
    {
      if (*format == '0' || *format == '9')
        {
          if (*num == fraction_symbol)
        {
          num++;
          *res = *num;
        }
          else if (*num == '\0')
        {
          while (*format == '0' || *format == '9')
            {
              *res = '0';
              format++;
              res++;
            }

          if (char_tolower (*format) != 'e')
            {
              return ER_FAILED;
            }

          *res = '\0';
          init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
          make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
          *length = strlen (*result_str);

          return NO_ERROR;
        }
          else
        {
          *res = *num;
        }

          format++;
          res++;
          num++;
        }
      else if (char_tolower (*format) == 'e')
        {
          if (strlen (format) > 4)
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }

          if (*num == '\0')
        {
          *res = '\0';
          init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
          make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
          *length = strlen (*result_str);

          return NO_ERROR;
        }
          else
        {
          *res = '\0';
          /* patch */
          if (*num == fraction_symbol && *(num + 1) - '0' > 4)
            {
              roundoff (lang, *result_str, 1, &cipher, (char *) NULL);
            }
          if (*num - '0' > 4)
            {
              roundoff (lang, *result_str, 1, &cipher, (char *) NULL);
            }
          /* emm */
          init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
          make_scientific_notation (*result_str, cipher);
          *length = strlen (*result_str);

          return NO_ERROR;
        }
        }
      else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
    }
    }
  /* So far, format:scientific notation are settled */

  /* Check leading zero */
  if (*format_str == '0')
    {
      leadingzero = true;
    }

  num = num_string;
  format = format_str;

  /* Scan unitl '.' or '\0' of both num or format */
  while (char_isdigit (*num))
    {
      num++;
    }

  while (*format == '0' || *format == '9' || *format == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      format++;
    }

  if (*format != fraction_symbol && *format != '\0')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  /* '.' or '\0' is copied into middle or last position of res_string */
  *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = *format;
  res = res_str + (format - format_str);

  /* num: .xxx format: .xxx */
  if (format == format_str && num == num_string)
    {
      ;
    }
  /* num: .xxx format: xxx.xxx */
  else if (format != format_str && num == num_string)
    {
      if (leadingzero != 0)
    {
      while (format != format_str)
        {
          format--;

          if (*format == '9' || *format == '0')
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = '0';
        }
          else if (*format == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = digit_grouping_symbol;
        }
          else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
        }
    }
      else
    {
      while (format != format_str)
        {
          format--;
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = ' ';
        }
    }
    }
  /* num: xxx.xxx format: .xxx */
  else if (format == format_str && num != num_string)
    {
      while (num != num_string)
    {
      num--;
      if (*num != '0')
        {
          /* Make num be different from num_string */
          num = num_string + 1;
          break;
        }
    }
    }
  /* num: xxx.xxx format: xxx.xxx */
  else
    {
      format--;
      num--;
      /* if size of format string is 1 */
      if (format == format_str)
    {
      *res_str = *num;
    }
      else
    {
      while (format != format_str)
        {
          if (*format == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = *format;
        }
          else if ((*format == '9' || *format == '0') && num != num_string)
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = *num;
          num--;
        }
          else
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = *num;
          if (leadingzero != 0)
            {
              while (format != format_str)
            {
              format--;
              if (*format == '9' || *format == '0')
                {
                  *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = '0';
                }
              else if (*format == digit_grouping_symbol)
                {
                  *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = digit_grouping_symbol;
                }
              else
                {
                  return ER_FAILED;
                }
            }
            }
          else
            {
              while (format != format_str)
            {
              format--;
              *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = ' ';
            }
            }
          break;
        }
          format--;
          if (format == format_str && num == num_string)
        {
          *(res_str + (format - format_str)) = *num;
        }
        }
    }
    }

  if (num != num_string)
    {
      int i;

      i = strlen (init_format) - 1;
      while (init_format != &init_format[i])
    {
      if (init_format[i] == fraction_symbol)
        {
          break;
        }
      else if (init_format[i] != '0' && init_format[i] != '9' && init_format[i] != 's' && init_format[i] != 'c'
           && init_format[i] != digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
      else
        {
          i--;
        }
    }

      i = 0;
      while (i < *length)
    {
      (*result_str)[i] = '#';
      i++;
    }

      (*result_str)[*length] = '\0';
      init_format[*length] = format_end_char;

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  /* So far, Left side of decimal point is settled */

  while (char_isdigit (*num))
    {
      num++;
    }

  while (*format == '0' || *format == '9' || *format == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      format++;
    }

  if (*format != fraction_symbol && *format != '\0')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  if (*format == fraction_symbol && *num == fraction_symbol)
    {
      res++;
      format++;
      num++;

      while (*format != '\0')
    {
      if ((*format == '9' || *format == '0') && *num != '\0')
        {
          *res = *num;
          num++;
          res++;
        }
      else
        {
          while (*format != '\0')
        {
          if (*format == '9' || *format == '0')
            {
              *res = '0';
            }
          else
            {
              return ER_FAILED;
            }

          format++;
          res++;
        }

          *res = '\0';
          break;
        }

      format++;
    }

      *res = '\0';
      if (*num != '\0')
    {
      /* rounding */
      if (*num - '0' > 4)
        {
          if (roundoff (lang, *result_str, 0, (int *) NULL, format_str) != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
        }
    }
    }
  else if (*format == fraction_symbol && *num == '\0')
    {
      res++;
      format++;

      while (*format != '\0')
    {
      if (*format == '9' || *format == '0')
        {
          *res = '0';
        }
      else
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }

      format++;
      res++;
    }

      *res = '\0';
    }
  else if (*format == '\0' && *num == fraction_symbol)
    {
      if (*(num + 1) - '0' > 4)
    {
      if (roundoff (lang, *result_str, 0, (int *) NULL, format_str) != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }
    }
      /* rounding */
    }
  else if (*format == '\0' && *num == '\0')
    {
      /* Nothing */
    }
  else
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  init_format[*length] = format_end_char;
  *length = strlen (*result_str);

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * make_scientific_notation () -
 */
static int
make_scientific_notation (char *src_string, int cipher)
{
  int leng = strlen (src_string);

  src_string[leng] = 'E';
  leng++;

  if (cipher >= 0)
    {
      src_string[leng] = '+';
    }
  else
    {
      src_string[leng] = '-';
      cipher *= (-1);
    }

  leng++;

  if (cipher > 99)
    {
      sprintf (&src_string[leng], "%d", cipher);
    }
  else
    {
      sprintf (&src_string[leng], "%02d", cipher);
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * roundoff () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
roundoff (const INTL_LANG lang, char *src_string, int flag, int *cipher, char *format)
{
  int loop_state = true;
  int is_overflow = false;
  char *res = &src_string[strlen (src_string)];
  char *for_ptr = NULL;
  int i;
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (lang);
  const char digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (lang);

  if (flag == 0)
    {
      for_ptr = &format[strlen (format)];
    }

  if (*src_string == '\0')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  if (flag == 0 && *format == '\0')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  res--;

  if (flag == 0)
    {
      for_ptr--;
    }

  while (loop_state)
    {
      if ('0' <= *res && *res <= '9')
    {
      switch (*res - '0' + 1)
        {
        case 1:
        case 2:
        case 3:
        case 4:
        case 5:
        case 6:
        case 7:
        case 8:
        case 9:
          *res = *res + 1;
          loop_state = false;
          break;

        case 10:
          *res = '0';
          if (res == src_string)
        {
          loop_state = false;
          is_overflow = true;
        }
          else
        {
          res--;
          if (flag == 0)
            {
              for_ptr--;
            }
        }
          break;
        }
    }
      else if (*res == fraction_symbol || *res == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      if (res == src_string)
        {
          loop_state = false;
          is_overflow = true;
        }
      else
        {
          res--;
          if (flag == 0)
        {
          for_ptr--;
        }
        }
    }
      else if (*res == ' ')
    {
      if (flag == 0 && *for_ptr == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          *res = digit_grouping_symbol;
          res--;
          for_ptr--;
        }

      *res = '1';
      loop_state = false;
    }
      else
    {           /* in case of sign, currency */
      loop_state = false;
      is_overflow = true;
    }
    }

  if (is_overflow)
    {
      if (flag == 0)
    {           /* if decimal format */
      i = 0;

      while (src_string[i] != '\0')
        {
          src_string[i] = '#';
          i++;
        }
    }
      else
    {           /* if scientific format */
      i = 0;

      res = src_string;
      while (!('0' <= *res && *res <= '9'))
        {
          res++;
        }

      i = 0;
      if (res[i] != '\0')
        {
          res[i++] = '1';
          if (res[i] != '\0')
        {
          res[i++] = fraction_symbol;
          while (res[i] != '\0')
            {
              res[i++] = '0';
            }
        }
        }

      (*cipher)++;
    }
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * scientific_to_decimal_string () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
scientific_to_decimal_string (const INTL_LANG lang, char *src_string, char **scientific_str)
{
#define PLUS 1
#define MINUS 0
  int src_len = strlen (src_string);
  int sign = PLUS, exponent_sign = PLUS, cipher = 0;
  char *ptr = src_string;
  char *result_str;
  int i;
  int tmp_digit;
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (lang);

  while (char_isspace (*ptr))
    {
      ptr++;
    }

  if (*ptr == '+')
    {
      sign = PLUS;
      ptr++;
    }
  else if (*ptr == '-')
    {
      sign = MINUS;
      ptr++;
    }

  tmp_digit = 0;
  while (char_isdigit (*ptr))
    {
      tmp_digit = tmp_digit * 10 + (*ptr - '0');
      ptr++;
    }
  if (tmp_digit >= 10)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  if (*ptr != fraction_symbol)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  ptr++;
  while (char_isdigit (*ptr))
    {
      ptr++;
    }
  if (*ptr == 'e' || *ptr == 'E')
    {
      ptr++;
    }
  else
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  if (*ptr == '+')
    {
      exponent_sign = PLUS;
    }
  else if (*ptr == '-')
    {
      exponent_sign = MINUS;
    }
  else
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  ptr++;
  for (; char_isdigit (*ptr); ptr++)
    {
      cipher = cipher * 10 + (*ptr - '0');
    }
  /* So far, one pass */
  /* Fron now, two pass */
  while (char_isspace (*ptr))
    {
      ptr++;
    }
  if (*ptr != '\0')
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  ptr = src_string;
  while (char_isspace (*ptr))
    {
      ptr++;
    }
  *scientific_str = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, src_len + cipher);
  if (*scientific_str == NULL)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
  /* patch for MemoryTrash */
  for (i = 0; i < src_len + cipher; i++)
    {
      (*scientific_str)[i] = '\0';
    }

  result_str = *scientific_str;
  if (sign == MINUS)
    {
      *result_str = '-';
      result_str++;
      ptr++;
    }
  if (exponent_sign == PLUS)
    {
      i = 0;
      while (char_isdigit (*ptr))
    {
      *result_str = *ptr;
      (result_str)++;
      ptr++;
    }
      *(result_str + cipher) = fraction_symbol;
      ptr++;
      while (i < cipher || char_isdigit (*ptr))
    {
      if (*result_str == fraction_symbol)
        {
          (result_str)++;
          continue;
        }
      else if (char_isdigit (*ptr))
        {
          *result_str = *ptr;
          ptr++;
        }
      else
        {
          *result_str = '0';
        }
      (result_str)++;
      i++;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      *result_str = '0';
      result_str++;
      *result_str = fraction_symbol;
      result_str++;
      i = 0;
      while (i < cipher - 1)
    {
      *result_str = '0';
      result_str++;
      i++;
    }
      while (char_isdigit (*ptr) || *ptr == fraction_symbol)
    {
      if (*ptr == fraction_symbol)
        {
          ptr++;
        }
      *result_str = *ptr;
      (result_str)++;
      ptr++;
    }
    }
  *result_str = '\0';
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * to_number_next_state () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
to_number_next_state (const int previous_state, const int input_char, const INTL_LANG number_lang_id)
{
  int state_table[7][7] = { {4, 5, 2, 3, -1, 6, -1},
  {4, 5, -1, 3, -1, 6, -1},
  {4, 5, -1, -1, -1, 6, -1},
  {4, 4, -1, -1, 4, 6, 7},
  {5, 5, -1, -1, 5, 6, 7},
  {6, 6, -1, -1, 6, -1, 7},
  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
  };
  int state;
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (number_lang_id);
  const char digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (number_lang_id);

  if (previous_state == -1)
    {
      return -1;
    }

  switch (char_tolower (input_char))
    {
    case '0':
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][0];
      break;
    case '9':
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][1];
      break;
    case 's':
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][2];
      break;
    case 'c':
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][3];
      break;
    default:
      if (input_char == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][4];
      break;
    }
      else if (input_char == fraction_symbol)
    {
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][5];
      break;
    }
      state = state_table[previous_state - 1][6];
      break;
    }

  return state;
}

/*
 * to_number_next_state () -
 * Note: assume precision and scale are correct
 *   This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *   grouping symbols.
 */
static int
make_number (char *src, char *last_src, INTL_CODESET codeset, char *token, int *token_length, DB_VALUE * r,
         const int precision, const int scale, const INTL_LANG number_lang_id)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int state = 1;
  int i, j, k;
  char result_str[DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION + 2];
  char *res_ptr;
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (number_lang_id);
  const char digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (number_lang_id);

  result_str[0] = '\0';
  result_str[DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION] = '\0';
  result_str[DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION + 1] = '\0';
  *token_length = 0;

  while (state != 7 && src < last_src)
    {
      switch (to_number_next_state (state, *token, number_lang_id))
    {
    case 1:     /* Not reachable state */
      break;
    case 2:
      if (*src == '-')
        {
          strncat (result_str, src, 1);
          src++;
          (*token_length)++;
          token++;
          state = 2;
        }
      else if (*src == '+')
        {
          src++;
          (*token_length)++;
          token++;
          state = 2;
        }
      else
        {
          return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        }
      break;
    case 3:
      {
        DB_CURRENCY currency = DB_CURRENCY_NULL;
        int symbol_size = 0;

        if (intl_is_currency_symbol
        (src, &currency, &symbol_size,
         (CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE) (CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_CONSOLE | CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_UTF8 |
                    CURRENCY_CHECK_MODE_ISO88591)))
          {
        src += symbol_size;
        (*token_length) += symbol_size;
        token++;
          }
      }
      state = 3;
      break;
    case 4:
    case 5:
      if (*src == '-')
        {
          strncat (result_str, src, 1);
          src++;
          (*token_length)++;
        }
      j = 0;
      k = 0;
      while (token[j] == '0' || token[j] == '9' || token[j] == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          j++;
        }
      while ((&src[k] < last_src) && (char_isdigit (src[k]) || src[k] == digit_grouping_symbol))
        {
          k++;
        }
      i = j;

      if (k > DB_MAX_NUMERIC_PRECISION)
        {
          return ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW;
        }
      if (k > 0)
        {
          k--;
        }
      j--;
      while (k > 0 && j > 0)
        {
          if (token[j] == digit_grouping_symbol && src[k] != digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        }
          k--;
          j--;
        }

      if (k != 0)
        {           /* format = '99' && src = '4444' */
          return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        }
      /* patch select to_number('30','9,9') from dual; */
      if ((src[k] == digit_grouping_symbol && token[j] != digit_grouping_symbol)
          || (token[j] == digit_grouping_symbol && src[k] != digit_grouping_symbol))
        {
          return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
        }
      if (j > 0)
        {
          j = 0;
        }
      while (src < last_src && (char_isdigit (*src) || *src == digit_grouping_symbol))
        {
          if (*src != digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          strncat (result_str, src, 1);
        }
          (*token_length)++;
          src++;
        }
      token = token + i;
      state = 4;
      break;
    case 6:
      token++;
      if (*src == fraction_symbol)
        {
          strncat (result_str, src, 1);
          src++;
          (*token_length)++;
          while (src < last_src && char_isdigit (*src))
        {
          if (*token == '0' || *token == '9')
            {
              strncat (result_str, src, 1);
              token++;
              src++;
              (*token_length)++;
            }
          else
            {
              return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
            }
        }
        }
      while (*token == '0' || *token == '9')
        {
          token++;
        }
      state = 6;
      break;
    case 7:
      state = 7;
      break;
    case -1:
      return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
    }           /* switch */
    }               /* while */

  /* For Scientific notation */
  if (strlen (token) >= 4 && strncasecmp (token, "eeee", 4) == 0 && char_tolower (*src) == 'e'
      && (*(src + 1) == '+' || *(src + 1) == '-'))
    {
      strncat (result_str, src, 2);
      src += 2;
      (*token_length) += 2;

      while (src < last_src && char_isdigit (*src))
    {
      strncat (result_str, src, 1);
      src += 1;
      (*token_length) += 1;
    }

      if (scientific_to_decimal_string (number_lang_id, result_str, &res_ptr) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
      /* This line needs to be modified to reflect appropriate error */
    }

      /*
       * modify result_str to contain correct string value with respect to
       * the given precision and scale.
       */
      strncpy (result_str, res_ptr, sizeof (result_str) - 1);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res_ptr);

      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (result_str, strlen (result_str), number_lang_id, INTL_LANG_ENGLISH);
    }

      error_status = adjust_precision (result_str, precision, scale);
      if (error_status == DOMAIN_OVERFLOW)
    {
      return ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW;
    }

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR
      || numeric_coerce_string_to_num (result_str, strlen (result_str), codeset, r) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* patch for to_number('-1.23e+03','9.99eeee') */
      return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
    }
      /* old comment db_make_numeric(r,num,precision,scale); */
    }
  else
    {
      if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (result_str, strlen (result_str), number_lang_id, INTL_LANG_ENGLISH);
    }
      /*
       * modify result_str to contain correct string value with respect to
       * the given precision and scale.
       */
      error_status = adjust_precision (result_str, precision, scale);
      if (error_status == DOMAIN_OVERFLOW)
    {
      return ER_IT_DATA_OVERFLOW;
    }

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR
      || numeric_coerce_string_to_num (result_str, strlen (result_str), codeset, r) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * get_number_token () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
static int
get_number_token (const INTL_LANG lang, char *fsp, int *length, char *last_position, char **next_fsp,
          INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  const char fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (lang);
  const char digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (lang);
  char c;

  *length = 0;

  if (fsp == last_position)
    {
      return N_END;
    }

  c = char_tolower (fsp[*length]);
  switch (c)
    {
    case 'c':
    case 's':
      if (fsp[*length + 1] == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      return N_INVALID;
    }

      if ((char_tolower (fsp[*length + 1]) == 'c' || char_tolower (fsp[*length + 1]) == 's')
      && fsp[*length + 2] == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      return N_INVALID;
    }
      [[fallthrough]];

    case '9':
    case '0':
      while (fsp[*length] == '9' || fsp[*length] == '0' || char_tolower (fsp[*length]) == 's'
         || char_tolower (fsp[*length]) == 'c' || fsp[*length] == fraction_symbol
         || fsp[*length] == digit_grouping_symbol)
    {
      *length += 1;
    }

      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
      if (strlen (*next_fsp) >= 4 && !strncasecmp (*next_fsp, "eeee", 4))
    {
      *length += 4;
      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
    }
      return N_FORMAT;

    case ' ':
    case '\t':
    case '\n':
      while (last_position != &fsp[*length] && (fsp[*length] == ' ' || fsp[*length] == '\t' || fsp[*length] == '\n'))
    {
      *length += 1;
    }
      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
      return N_SPACE;

    case (char) 0xa1:
      if (codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC && (&fsp[*length + 1]) < last_position && fsp[*length + 1] == (char) 0xa1)
    {
      while ((&fsp[*length + 1]) < last_position && fsp[*length] == (char) 0xa1 && fsp[*length + 1] == (char) 0xa1)
        {
          *length += 2;
        }
      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
      return N_SPACE;
    }
      return N_INVALID;

    case '"':
      *length += 1;
      while (fsp[*length] != '"')
    {
      if (&fsp[*length] == last_position)
        {
          return N_INVALID;
        }
      *length += 1;
    }
      *length += 1;
      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
      return N_TEXT;

    default:
      if (c == fraction_symbol)
    {
      while (fsp[*length] == '9' || fsp[*length] == '0' || char_tolower (fsp[*length]) == 's'
         || char_tolower (fsp[*length]) == 'c' || fsp[*length] == fraction_symbol
         || fsp[*length] == digit_grouping_symbol)
        {
          *length += 1;
        }

      *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
      if (strlen (*next_fsp) >= 4 && !strncasecmp (*next_fsp, "eeee", 4))
        {
          *length += 4;
          *next_fsp = &fsp[*length];
        }
      return N_FORMAT;
    }
      return N_INVALID;
    }
}

/*
 * get_number_format () -
 */
static TIMESTAMP_FORMAT
get_next_format (const char *sp, const INTL_CODESET codeset, DB_TYPE str_type, int *format_length,
         const char **next_pos)
{
  /* sp : start position */
  *format_length = 0;

  switch (char_tolower (*sp))
    {
    case 'y':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "yyyy", 4) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 4;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_YYYY;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "yy", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_YY;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'd':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "dd", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_DD;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "dy", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_DY;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "day", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_DAY;
    }
      else
    {
      *format_length += 1;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_D;
    }

    case 'c':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "cc", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_CC;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'q':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      *format_length += 1;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_Q;

    case 'm':
      if (str_type != DB_TYPE_TIME && strncasecmp (sp, "mm", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_MM;
    }
      else if (str_type != DB_TYPE_TIME && strncasecmp (sp, "month", 5) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 5;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_MONTH;
    }
      else if (str_type != DB_TYPE_TIME && strncasecmp (sp, "mon", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_MON;
    }
      else if (str_type != DB_TYPE_DATE && strncasecmp (sp, "mi", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_MI;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'a':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "am", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_AM;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "a.m.", 4) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 4;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_A_M;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'p':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "pm", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_PM;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "p.m.", 4) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 4;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_P_M;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'h':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "hh24", 4) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 4;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_HH24;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "hh12", 4) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 4;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_HH12;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "hh", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_HH;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "h", 1) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 1;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_H;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 's':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "ss", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_SS;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case 'f':
      if ((str_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || str_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ || str_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ)
      && strncasecmp (sp, "ff", 2) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 2;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_MS;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

    case '"':
      *format_length += 1;
      while (sp[*format_length] != '"')
    {
      int char_size;
      const unsigned char *ptr = (const unsigned char *) sp + (*format_length);
      if (sp[*format_length] == '\0')
        {
          return DT_INVALID;
        }
      INTL_NEXT_CHAR (ptr, ptr, codeset, &char_size);
      *format_length += char_size;
    }
      *format_length += 1;
      *next_pos = &sp[*format_length];
      return DT_TEXT;

    case '-':
    case '/':
      /* this is not a numeric format: it is not necessary to localize point and comma symbols here */
    case ',':
    case '.':
    case ';':
    case ':':
    case ' ':
    case '\t':
    case '\n':
      *format_length += 1;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_PUNCTUATION;

    case 't':
      if (str_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }

      if (strncasecmp (sp, "tzr", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_TZR;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "tzd", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_TZD;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "tzh", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_TZH;
    }
      else if (strncasecmp (sp, "tzm", 3) == 0)
    {
      *format_length += 3;
      *next_pos = sp + *format_length;
      return DT_TZM;
    }
      else
    {
      return DT_INVALID;
    }
    default:
      return DT_INVALID;
    }
}

/*
 * get_cur_year () -
 */
static int
get_cur_year (void)
{
  time_t tloc;
  struct tm *tm, tm_val;

  if (time (&tloc) == -1)
    {
      return -1;
    }

  tm = localtime_r (&tloc, &tm_val);
  if (tm == NULL)
    {
      return -1;
    }

  return tm->tm_year + 1900;
}

/*
 * get_cur_month () -
 */
static int
get_cur_month (void)
{
  time_t tloc;
  struct tm *tm, tm_val;

  if (time (&tloc) == -1)
    {
      return -1;
    }

  tm = localtime_r (&tloc, &tm_val);
  if (tm == NULL)
    {
      return -1;
    }

  return tm->tm_mon + 1;
}

/*
 * get_day () -
 */
int
get_day (int month, int day, int year)
{
  return day_of_week (julian_encode (month, day, year));
}

/*
 * db_format () -
 *
 *  Note :  This function is localized in relation to fractional and digit
 *      grouping symbols.
 */
int
db_format (const DB_VALUE * value, const DB_VALUE * decimals, const DB_VALUE * number_lang, DB_VALUE * result,
       const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  DB_TYPE arg1_type, arg2_type;
  int error = NO_ERROR;
  int ndec = 0, i, j;
  const char *integer_format_max = "99,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999";
  char format[128];
  DB_VALUE format_val, formatted_val, numeric_val, trimmed_val;
  const DB_VALUE *num_dbval_p = NULL;
  char fraction_symbol;
  char digit_grouping_symbol;
  bool dummy;
  INTL_LANG number_lang_id;

  assert (value != NULL);
  assert (decimals != NULL);
  assert (number_lang != NULL);

  arg1_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (value);
  arg2_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (decimals);

  if (arg1_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (value) || arg2_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (decimals))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (number_lang) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);
  number_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (db_get_int (number_lang), &dummy, &dummy);
  fraction_symbol = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (number_lang_id);
  digit_grouping_symbol = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (number_lang_id);

  db_make_null (&formatted_val);
  db_make_null (&trimmed_val);

  if (arg2_type == DB_TYPE_INTEGER)
    {
      ndec = db_get_int (decimals);
    }
  else if (arg2_type == DB_TYPE_SHORT)
    {
      ndec = db_get_short (decimals);
    }
  else if (arg2_type == DB_TYPE_BIGINT)
    {
      DB_BIGINT bi = db_get_bigint (decimals);
      if (bi > INT_MAX || bi < 0)
    {
      goto invalid_argument_error;
    }
      ndec = (int) bi;
    }
  else
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  if (ndec < 0)
    {
      goto invalid_argument_error;
    }
  /* 30 is the decimal limit for formating floating points with this function, in mysql */
  if (ndec > 30)
    {
      ndec = 30;
    }

  switch (arg1_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    char *c;
    int len, dot = 0;
    /* Trim first because the input string can be given like below: - ' 1.1 ', '1.1 ', ' 1.1' */
    error = db_string_trim (BOTH, NULL, value, &trimmed_val);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }

    c = CONST_CAST (char *, db_get_string (&trimmed_val));
    if (c == NULL)
      {
        goto invalid_argument_error;
      }

    len = strlen (c);

    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
      {
        if (c[i] == fraction_symbol)
          {
        dot++;
        continue;
          }
        if (!char_isdigit (c[i]))
          {
        goto invalid_argument_error;
          }
      }
    if (dot > 1)
      {
        goto invalid_argument_error;
      }

    if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
      {
        convert_locale_number (c, len, number_lang_id, INTL_LANG_ENGLISH);
      }

    error = numeric_coerce_string_to_num (c, len, db_get_string_codeset (&trimmed_val), &numeric_val);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        pr_clear_value (&trimmed_val);
        return error;
      }

    num_dbval_p = &numeric_val;
    pr_clear_value (&trimmed_val);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      {
    double d = db_value_get_monetary_amount_as_double (value);
    db_make_double (&numeric_val, d);
    num_dbval_p = &numeric_val;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_SHORT:
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      num_dbval_p = value;
      break;

    default:
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  /* Make format string. */
  i = snprintf (format, sizeof (format) - 1, "%s", integer_format_max);
  if (number_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
    {
      convert_locale_number (format, strlen (format), INTL_LANG_ENGLISH, number_lang_id);
    }
  if (ndec > 0)
    {
      format[i++] = fraction_symbol;
      for (j = 0; j < ndec; j++)
    {
      format[i++] = '9';
    }
      format[i] = '\0';
    }

  db_make_string (&format_val, format);
  error = number_to_char (num_dbval_p, &format_val, number_lang, &formatted_val, domain);
  if (error == NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* number_to_char function returns a string with leading empty characters. So, we need to remove them. */
      error = db_string_trim (LEADING, NULL, &formatted_val, result);

      pr_clear_value (&formatted_val);
    }

  return error;

invalid_argument_error:
  if (!DB_IS_NULL (&trimmed_val))
    {
      pr_clear_value (&trimmed_val);
    }
  if (!DB_IS_NULL (&formatted_val))
    {
      pr_clear_value (&formatted_val);
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS, 0);
  return ER_FAILED;
}

/*
 * db_string_reverse () - reverse the source DB_VALUE string
 *
 *   return:
 *   src_str(in): source DB_VALUE string
 *   result_str(in/out): result DB_VALUE string
 */
int
db_string_reverse (const DB_VALUE * src_str, DB_VALUE * result_str)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;
  char *res = NULL;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors.
   *    Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_str);
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_str);
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
    }
  /*
   *  If the input parameters have been properly validated, then
   *  we are ready to operate.
   */
  else
    {
      res = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, db_get_string_size (src_str) + 1);
      if (res == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      memset (res, 0, db_get_string_size (src_str) + 1);
      intl_reverse_string (DB_GET_UCHAR (src_str),
                   REINTERPRET_CAST (unsigned char *, res), db_get_string_length (src_str),
                   db_get_string_size (src_str), db_get_string_codeset (src_str));

      assert (QSTR_IS_CHAR (str_type));
      db_make_varchar (result_str, DB_GET_STRING_PRECISION (src_str), res, db_get_string_size (src_str),
               db_get_string_codeset (src_str), db_get_string_collation (src_str));

      result_str->need_clear = true;
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

// Monthly Days and Monthly Cumulative Days Table
// The 0th position is unused and left blank for array access efficiency.
static const int days_per_month[2][13] = {
  {0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31},
  {0, 31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}
};

static const int cumulative_days_per_month[2][13] = {
  {0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 365},
  {0, 31, 60, 91, 121, 152, 182, 213, 244, 274, 305, 335, 366}
};

/*
 * add_and_normalize_date_time ()
 *
 * Arguments: date & time values to modify,
 *        date & time amounts to add
 *
 * Returns: NO_ERROR/ER_FAILED
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    transforms all values in a correct interval (h: 0..23, m: 0..59, etc)
 */
int
add_and_normalize_date_time (int *year, int *month, int *day, int *hour, int *minute, int *second, int *millisecond,
                 const DB_BIGINT * composite_values)
{
  int days_idx;
  DB_BIGINT _y, _m, _d, _h, _mi, _s, _ms;

  /* just years and/or months case */
  if (composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] > 0 || composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR] > 0)
    {
      assert (composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_HOUR] == 0 &&
          composite_values[COMPOSITE_MINUTE] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_SECOND] == 0 &&
          composite_values[COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND] == 0);

      _y = *year + composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR];
      _m = *month + composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH];

      if (_m % 12 == 0)
    {
      _y += (_m - 12) / 12;
      _m = 12;
    }
      else
    {
      _y += _m / 12;
      _m %= 12;
    }

      days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
      if (*day > days_per_month[days_idx][_m])
    {
      *day = days_per_month[days_idx][_m];
    }

      if (_y > 9999)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

      *year = (int) _y;
      *month = (int) _m;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  assert (composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR] == 0);
  _y = *year;
  _m = *month;
  _d = *day + composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY];
  _h = *hour + composite_values[COMPOSITE_HOUR];
  _mi = *minute + composite_values[COMPOSITE_MINUTE];
  _s = *second + composite_values[COMPOSITE_SECOND];
  _ms = *millisecond + composite_values[COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND];

  /* time */
  _s += _ms / 1000;
  _ms %= 1000;

  _mi += _s / 60;
  _s %= 60;

  _h += _mi / 60;
  _mi %= 60;

  _d += _h / 24;
  _h %= 24;

  days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
  if (_d > days_per_month[days_idx][_m])
    {
      /* rewind to 1st january */
      _d += cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m - 1];

      /* days for years */
      int maxdays = cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][12];
      while (_d >= maxdays)
    {
      _d -= maxdays;
      _y++;
      if (_y > 9999)
        {
          goto set_and_return;
        }
      maxdays = LEAP (_y) ? 366 : 365;
    }

      /* days within a year */
      days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
      for (_m = (_d < cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][7]) ? 1 : 7; /* blank */ ; _m++)
    {
      if (_d <= cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m])
        {
          _d -= cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m - 1];
          break;
        }
    }
    }

  assert (_m > 0 && _m <= 12);
  if (_d == 0)
    {
      assert (_m == 1);
      _y--;
      _m = 12;
      _d = 31;
    }

set_and_return:

  if (_y > 9999)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  *year = (int) _y;
  *month = (int) _m;
  *day = (int) _d;
  *hour = (int) _h;
  *minute = (int) _mi;
  *second = (int) _s;
  *millisecond = (int) _ms;

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * sub_and_normalize_date_time ()
 *
 * Arguments: date & time values to modify,
 *        date & time amounts to subtract
 *
 * Returns: NO_ERROR/ER_FAILED
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    transforms all values in a correct interval (h: 0..23, m: 0..59, etc)
 */
int
sub_and_normalize_date_time (int *year, int *month, int *day, int *hour, int *minute, int *second, int *millisecond,
                 const DB_BIGINT * composite_values)
{
  int days_idx;
  DB_BIGINT _y, _m, _d, _h, _mi, _s, _ms;

  /* just years and/or months case */
  if (composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] > 0 || composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR] > 0)
    {
      assert (composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_HOUR] == 0 &&
          composite_values[COMPOSITE_MINUTE] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_SECOND] == 0 &&
          composite_values[COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND] == 0);

      _y = *year - composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR];
      _m = *month - composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH];

      if (_m <= 0)
    {
      _y += (_m / 12);
      _m %= 12;
      if (_m <= 0)
        {
          _m += 12;
          _y--;
        }
    }

      if (_y < 0)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

      days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
      if (*day > days_per_month[days_idx][_m])
    {
      *day = days_per_month[days_idx][_m];
    }

      *year = (int) _y;
      *month = (int) _m;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  assert (composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] == 0 && composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR] == 0);
  _y = *year;
  _m = *month;
  _d = *day - composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY];
  _h = *hour - composite_values[COMPOSITE_HOUR];
  _mi = *minute - composite_values[COMPOSITE_MINUTE];
  _s = *second - composite_values[COMPOSITE_SECOND];
  _ms = *millisecond - composite_values[COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND];

  /* time */
  _s += _ms / 1000;
  _ms %= 1000;
  if (_ms < 0)
    {
      _ms += 1000;
      _s--;
    }

  _mi += _s / 60;
  _s %= 60;
  if (_s < 0)
    {
      _s += 60;
      _mi--;
    }

  _h += _mi / 60;
  _mi %= 60;
  if (_mi < 0)
    {
      _mi += 60;
      _h--;
    }

  _d += _h / 24;
  _h %= 24;
  if (_h < 0)
    {
      _h += 24;
      _d--;
    }

  days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
  if (_d > days_per_month[days_idx][_m] || _d < 0)
    {
      /* rewind to 1st january */
      _d += cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m - 1];

      /* days for years */
      while (_d < 0)
    {
      _y--;
      if (_y < 0)
        {
          goto set_and_return;
        }

      _d += (LEAP (_y) ? 366 : 365);
    }

      /* days within a year */
      days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
      for (_m = (_d < cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][7]) ? 1 : 7; /* blank */ ; _m++)
    {
      if (_d <= cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m])
        {
          _d -= cumulative_days_per_month[days_idx][_m - 1];
          break;
        }
    }
    }

  assert (_m > 0 && _m <= 12);
  if (_d == 0)
    {
      _m--;
      if (_m == 0)
    {
      _y--;
      _m = 12;
      days_idx = LEAP (_y) ? 1 : 0;
    }
      _d = days_per_month[days_idx][_m];
    }

set_and_return:

  if (_y < 0)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  *year = (int) _y;
  *month = (int) _m;
  *day = (int) _d;
  *hour = (int) _h;
  *minute = (int) _mi;
  *second = (int) _s;
  *millisecond = (int) _ms;

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/* TODO : refactor with db_date_add_sub_interval_expr
 * db_date_add_sub_interval_days ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         date: starting date
 *         db_days: number of days to add
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    Returns date + an interval of db_days days.
 */
static int
db_date_add_sub_interval_days (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * db_days, bool is_add)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int days;
  DB_DATETIME db_datetime, *dt_p = NULL;
  DB_DATETIMETZ dt_tz;
  DB_TIME db_time;
  DB_DATE db_date, *d_p;
  DB_TIMESTAMP db_timestamp, *ts_p = NULL;
  int is_dt = -1, is_d = -1, is_t = -1, is_timest = -1, is_timezone = -1, is_local_timezone = -1;
  DB_TYPE res_type;
  char res_s[64];
  int y, m, d, h, mi, s, ms;
  int ret;
  char *res_final;
  TZ_ID tz_id;
  DB_BIGINT composite_values[COMPOSITE_MAX] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };

  res_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date);
  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (db_days) == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (db_days))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  bool is_null_on_error = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS);

  /* simple case, where just a number of days is added to date */
  days = db_get_int (db_days);
  composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY] = abs (days);

  switch (res_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_STRING:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    bool has_explicit_time = false;
    const char *date_s = NULL;
    int str_len = db_get_string_size (date);
    date_s = db_get_string (date);

    /* try to figure out the string format */
    if (db_date_parse_datetime_parts (date_s, str_len, &db_datetime, &has_explicit_time, NULL, NULL, NULL))
      {
        is_dt = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        is_t = db_string_to_time_ex (date_s, str_len, &db_time);
      }
    else
      {
        if (has_explicit_time)
          {
        is_dt = NO_ERROR;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        is_t = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          }
        else
          {
        db_date = db_datetime.date;
        is_dt = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = NO_ERROR;
        is_t = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
          }
      }

    if (is_dt && is_d && is_t && is_timest)
      {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto error;
      }

    /* add date stuff to a time -> error */
    /* in fact, disable time operations, not available on mysql */
    if (is_t == 0)
      {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        goto error;
      }

    dt_p = &db_datetime;
    d_p = &db_date;
    ts_p = &db_timestamp;

    /* except just TIME business, convert all to DATETIME */
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      is_d = 1;
      d_p = db_get_date (date);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      is_dt = 1;
      dt_p = db_get_datetime (date);
      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ)
    {
      is_local_timezone = 1;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;

    dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (date);
    dt_p = &dt_tz_p->datetime;
    tz_id = dt_tz_p->tz_id;
    is_dt = 1;
    is_timezone = 1;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      is_timest = 1;
      ts_p = db_get_timestamp (date);
      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ)
    {
      is_local_timezone = 1;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;

    ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (date);
    ts_p = &ts_tz_p->timestamp;
    tz_id = ts_tz_p->tz_id;
    is_timest = 1;
    is_timezone = 1;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      /* should not reach here */
      assert (0);
      break;

    default:
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      goto error;
    }

  if (is_d >= 0)
    {
      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;
      db_date_decode (d_p, &m, &d, &y);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_add)
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }

      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      db_date_encode (&db_date, m, d, y);

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      db_date_to_string (res_s, 64, &db_date);

      res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
      if (!res_final)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      strcpy (res_final, res_s);
      db_make_string (result, res_final);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_date (result, m, d, y);
    }
    }
  else if (is_dt >= 0)
    {
      assert (dt_p != NULL);

      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;
      db_datetime_decode (dt_p, &m, &d, &y, &h, &mi, &s, &ms);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0 && h == 0 && mi == 0 && s == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_add)
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }
      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_timezone > 0)
    {
      error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, &tz_id, &dt_tz);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);
    }

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_datetimetz_to_string (res_s, 64, &dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id);
        }
      else
        {
          db_datetime_to_string (res_s, 64, &db_datetime);
        }

      res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
      if (!res_final)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      strcpy (res_final, res_s);
      db_make_string (result, res_final);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
        }
      else if (is_local_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimeltz (result, &db_datetime);
        }
      else
        {
          db_make_datetime (result, &db_datetime);
        }
    }
    }
  else if (is_timest >= 0)
    {
      assert (ts_p != NULL);

      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;

      db_timestamp_decode_utc (ts_p, &db_date, &db_time);
      db_date_decode (&db_date, &m, &d, &y);
      db_time_decode (&db_time, &h, &mi, &s);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0 && h == 0 && mi == 0 && s == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_add)
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      if (days > 0)
        {
          ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
        }
    }

      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_local_timezone <= 0)
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, &tz_id, &dt_tz);
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, NULL, &dt_tz);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);
      dt_tz.datetime = db_datetime;
      dt_tz.tz_id = tz_id;
    }
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      DB_DATETIME dt_local;

      error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id, &dt_local);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error;
        }

      db_datetime_to_string (res_s, 64, &dt_local);

      res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
      if (!res_final)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      strcpy (res_final, res_s);
      db_make_string (result, res_final);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
        }
      else if (is_local_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimeltz (result, &db_datetime);
        }
      else
        {
          DB_DATETIME dt_local;

          error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id, &dt_local);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error;
        }
          db_make_datetime (result, &dt_local);
        }
    }
    }

error:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR && error_status != ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (is_null_on_error)
    {
      /* clear error and return NULL */
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
    }
  return error_status;
}

int
db_date_add_interval_days (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * db_days)
{
  return db_date_add_sub_interval_days (result, date, db_days, true);
}

int
db_date_sub_interval_days (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * db_days)
{
  return db_date_add_sub_interval_days (result, date, db_days, false);
}

static int
db_date_add_sub_interval_composite_value (const char *expr_s, int unit, DB_BIGINT * values, int *is_positive_value)
{
  int cnt = 0, base;
  int max_composite;
  bool millisec_flag = false;
  char *endptr;
  const char *ms_ptr = NULL;

  assert (values);

  switch (unit)
    {
      /*  composite units  */
    case PT_SECOND_MILLISECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_SECOND;
      max_composite = 2;
      millisec_flag = true;
      break;
    case PT_MINUTE_MILLISECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_MINUTE;
      max_composite = 3;
      millisec_flag = true;
      break;
    case PT_HOUR_MILLISECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_HOUR;
      max_composite = 4;
      millisec_flag = true;
      break;
    case PT_DAY_MILLISECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_DAY;
      max_composite = 5;
      millisec_flag = true;
      break;

    case PT_MINUTE_SECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_MINUTE;
      max_composite = 2;
      break;
    case PT_HOUR_SECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_HOUR;
      max_composite = 3;
      break;
    case PT_DAY_SECOND:
      base = COMPOSITE_DAY;
      max_composite = 4;
      break;

    case PT_HOUR_MINUTE:
      base = COMPOSITE_HOUR;
      max_composite = 2;
      break;
    case PT_DAY_MINUTE:
      base = COMPOSITE_DAY;
      max_composite = 3;
      break;

    case PT_DAY_HOUR:
      base = COMPOSITE_DAY;
      max_composite = 2;
      break;

    case PT_YEAR_MONTH:
      base = COMPOSITE_YEAR;
      max_composite = 2;
      break;

    default:
      assert (false);
      return ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
    }

  while (char_isspace (*expr_s))
    {
      expr_s++;
    }

  // Like MySQL, it only accepts the first sign character, excluding spaces.
  if (*expr_s == '-')
    {
      *is_positive_value = 0;
      expr_s++;
    }
  else
    {
      *is_positive_value = 1;
    }

  while (*expr_s)
    {
      if (char_isdigit (*expr_s))
    {
      if (cnt >= max_composite)
        {
          return ER_FAILED;
        }

      ms_ptr = expr_s;
      values[base + cnt] = strtoll (expr_s, &endptr, 10);
      cnt++;
      expr_s = endptr;
    }
      else
    {
      expr_s++;
    }
    }

  if (millisec_flag && cnt > 0)
    {
      assert (ms_ptr);
      // Adjust in milliseconds, cnt must be greater than 1 to be treated as yy.xxx format.
      if (!char_isdigit (ms_ptr[1]))
    {
      values[base + cnt - 1] *= 100;
    }
      else if (!char_isdigit (ms_ptr[2]))
    {
      values[base + cnt - 1] *= 10;
    }
    }

  if (cnt < max_composite)
    {
      memmove (values + (base + (max_composite - cnt)), values + base, sizeof (DB_BIGINT) * cnt);
      memset (values + base, 0x00, sizeof (DB_BIGINT) * (max_composite - cnt));
    }

  return NO_ERROR;

}

/*
 * db_date_add_sub_interval_expr () -
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         date: starting date
 *         expr: string with the amounts to add
 *     unit: unit(s) of the amounts
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    Returns date + the amounts from expr
 */
static int
db_date_add_sub_interval_expr (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * expr, const int unit,
                   int is_add)
{
  int is_positive_value = 0;
  bool date_only = false;
  DB_TYPE res_type, expr_type;
  const char *expr_s = NULL, *date_s = NULL;
  char res_s[64];
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIME db_datetime, *dt_p = NULL;
  DB_DATETIMETZ dt_tz;
  DB_TIME db_time;
  DB_DATE db_date, *d_p;
  DB_TIMESTAMP db_timestamp, *ts_p = NULL;
  int is_dt = -1, is_d = -1, is_t = -1, is_timest = -1, is_timezone = -1, is_local_timezone = -1;
  DB_BIGINT unit_int_val = 0;
  DB_BIGINT composite_values[COMPOSITE_MAX];    // { years, month, days, hours, minutes, seconds, millisec }

  int y, m, d, h, mi, s, ms;
  int ret;
  char *res_final;
  TZ_ID tz_id = 0;

  res_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date);
  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  expr_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (expr);
  if (expr_type == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (expr))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  bool is_null_on_error = prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS);

  switch (expr_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      expr_s = db_get_string (expr);
      if (expr_s == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      unit_int_val = db_get_short (expr);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      unit_int_val = db_get_int (expr);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      unit_int_val = db_get_bigint (expr);
      break;

    default:
      assert (false);
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      goto error;
    }

  memset (composite_values, 0x00, sizeof (composite_values));
  if (expr_s == NULL)
    {
      assert (unit == PT_MILLISECOND || unit == PT_SECOND || unit == PT_MINUTE || unit == PT_HOUR ||
          unit == PT_DAY || unit == PT_WEEK || unit == PT_MONTH || unit == PT_QUARTER || unit == PT_YEAR);

      if (unit_int_val >= 0)
    {
      is_positive_value = 1;
    }
      else
    {
      is_positive_value = 0;
      unit_int_val = -unit_int_val;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* the big switch: according to unit, we parse expr and get amounts of ms/s/m/h/d/m/y/w/q to add or subtract */
      /*
       * expr is converted to char because it may contain a more complicated form
       * for the multiple unit formats, for example:
       * 'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.MILLISECONDS'
       * For the simple unit tags, expr is integer
       */

      error_status = db_date_add_sub_interval_composite_value (expr_s, unit, composite_values, &is_positive_value);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (error_status == ER_FAILED)
        {
          db_make_null (result);
          return NO_ERROR;
        }
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }
    }

  switch (unit)
    {
    case PT_MILLISECOND:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_MILLISECOND] = unit_int_val;
      break;

    case PT_SECOND:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_SECOND] = unit_int_val;
      break;

    case PT_MINUTE:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_MINUTE] = unit_int_val;
      break;

    case PT_HOUR:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_HOUR] = unit_int_val;
      break;

    case PT_DAY:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY] = unit_int_val;
      date_only = true;
      break;
    case PT_WEEK:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_DAY] = unit_int_val * 7;
      date_only = true;
      break;

    case PT_MONTH:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] = unit_int_val;
      date_only = true;
      break;
    case PT_QUARTER:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_MONTH] = unit_int_val * 3;
      date_only = true;
      break;

    case PT_YEAR:
      composite_values[COMPOSITE_YEAR] = unit_int_val;
      date_only = true;
      break;

    case PT_SECOND_MILLISECOND:
    case PT_MINUTE_MILLISECOND:
    case PT_HOUR_MILLISECOND:
    case PT_MINUTE_SECOND:
    case PT_HOUR_SECOND:
    case PT_HOUR_MINUTE:
      assert (expr_s);
      break;

    case PT_DAY_MILLISECOND:
    case PT_DAY_SECOND:
    case PT_DAY_MINUTE:
    case PT_DAY_HOUR:
      assert (expr_s);
      break;

    case PT_YEAR_MONTH:
      assert (expr_s);
      date_only = true;
      break;

    default:
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      goto error;
    }

  /* Convert string with date to DateTime or Time */

  switch (res_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      {
    bool has_explicit_time = false;
    bool has_zone = false;
    int str_len = db_get_string_size (date);
    date_s = db_get_string (date);

    if (db_string_to_datetimetz_ex (date_s, str_len, &dt_tz, &has_zone) == NO_ERROR && has_zone == true)
      {
        is_dt = NO_ERROR;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        is_t = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
        is_timezone = 1;
        db_datetime = dt_tz.datetime;
        tz_id = dt_tz.tz_id;
      }
    /* try to figure out the string format */
    else if (db_date_parse_datetime_parts (date_s, str_len, &db_datetime, &has_explicit_time, NULL, NULL, NULL))
      {
        is_dt = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        is_t = db_string_to_time_ex (date_s, str_len, &db_time);
      }
    else if (has_explicit_time)
      {
        is_dt = NO_ERROR;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        is_t = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      }
    else
      {
        db_date = db_datetime.date;
        is_dt = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_timest = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
        is_d = NO_ERROR;
        is_t = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      }

    if (is_dt && is_d && is_t && is_timest)
      {
        error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
        goto error;
      }

    /* add date stuff to a time -> error */
    /* in fact, disable time operations, not available on mysql */
    if (is_t == 0)
      {
        error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
        if (!is_null_on_error)
          {
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          }
        goto error;
      }

    dt_p = &db_datetime;
    d_p = &db_date;
    ts_p = &db_timestamp;

    /* except just TIME business, convert all to DATETIME */
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      is_d = 1;
      d_p = db_get_date (date);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      is_dt = 1;
      dt_p = db_get_datetime (date);
      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ)
    {
      is_local_timezone = 1;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;

    dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (date);

    dt_p = &dt_tz_p->datetime;
    tz_id = dt_tz_p->tz_id;
    is_dt = 1;
    is_timezone = 1;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      is_timest = 1;
      ts_p = db_get_timestamp (date);
      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ)
    {
      is_local_timezone = 1;
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;

    ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (date);
    ts_p = &ts_tz_p->timestamp;
    tz_id = ts_tz_p->tz_id;
    is_timest = 1;
    is_timezone = 1;
    break;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      /* should not reach here */
      assert (0);
      break;

    default:
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
      goto error;
    }

  /* treat as date only if adding date units, else treat as datetime */
  if (is_d >= 0)
    {
      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;
      db_date_decode (d_p, &m, &d, &y);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_positive_value ^ is_add)
    {
      ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }
      else
    {
      ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }

      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      if (date_only)
    {
      db_date_encode (&db_date, m, d, y);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0)
        {
          if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
        }
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          goto error;
        }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
        {
          db_date_to_string (res_s, 64, &db_date);

          res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
          if (res_final == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
          strcpy (res_final, res_s);
          db_make_string (result, res_final);
          result->need_clear = true;
        }
      else
        {
          db_make_date (result, m, d, y);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      db_datetime.date = db_datetime.time = 0;
      db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0 && h == 0 && mi == 0 && s == 0 && ms == 0)
        {
          if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
        }
          error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
          goto error;
        }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
        {
          db_datetime_to_string (res_s, 64, &db_datetime);

          res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
          if (res_final == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
          strcpy (res_final, res_s);
          db_make_string (result, res_final);
          result->need_clear = true;
        }
      else
        {
          if (is_local_timezone > 0)
        {
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_ses (&db_datetime, &dt_tz);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto error;
            }
          db_make_datetimeltz (result, &dt_tz.datetime);
        }
          else if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          TZ_REGION tz_region;

          tz_id_to_region (&tz_id, &tz_region);
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz (&db_datetime, NULL, 0, &tz_region, &dt_tz, NULL);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto error;
            }
          db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
        }
          else
        {
          db_make_datetime (result, &db_datetime);
        }
        }
    }
    }
  else if (is_dt >= 0)
    {
      assert (dt_p != NULL);
      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;

      db_datetime_decode (dt_p, &m, &d, &y, &h, &mi, &s, &ms);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0 && h == 0 && mi == 0 && s == 0 && ms == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_positive_value ^ is_add)
    {
      ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }
      else
    {
      ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }

      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_timezone > 0)
    {
      error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, &tz_id, &dt_tz);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);
    }

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_datetimetz_to_string (res_s, 64, &dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id);
        }
      else
        {
          db_datetime_to_string (res_s, 64, &db_datetime);
        }

      res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
      if (res_final == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      strcpy (res_final, res_s);
      db_make_string (result, res_final);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      /* datetime, date + time units, timestamp => return datetime */
      if (is_local_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimeltz (result, &db_datetime);
        }
      else if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
        }
      else
        {
          db_make_datetime (result, &db_datetime);
        }
    }
    }
  else if (is_timest >= 0)
    {
      assert (ts_p != NULL);

      y = m = d = h = mi = s = ms = 0;

      db_timestamp_decode_utc (ts_p, &db_date, &db_time);
      db_date_decode (&db_date, &m, &d, &y);
      db_time_decode (&db_time, &h, &mi, &s);

      if (m == 0 && d == 0 && y == 0 && h == 0 && mi == 0 && s == 0)
    {
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION, 0);
        }
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_positive_value ^ is_add)
    {
      ret = sub_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }
      else
    {
      ret = add_and_normalize_date_time (&y, &m, &d, &h, &mi, &s, &ms, composite_values);
    }

      /* year should always be greater than 1 and less than 9999 */
      if (ret != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      if (!is_null_on_error)
        {
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }

      if (is_local_timezone <= 0)
    {
      if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, &tz_id, &dt_tz);
        }
      else
        {
          error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_parts (m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms, NULL, &dt_tz);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);
      dt_tz.datetime = db_datetime;
      dt_tz.tz_id = tz_id;
    }

      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

      if (res_type == DB_TYPE_STRING || res_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      DB_DATETIME dt_local;

      error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id, &dt_local);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error;
        }

      db_datetime_to_string (res_s, 64, &dt_local);

      res_final = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, strlen (res_s) + 1);
      if (res_final == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      strcpy (res_final, res_s);
      db_make_string (result, res_final);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      /* datetime, date + time units, timestamp => return datetime */
      if (is_local_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimeltz (result, &db_datetime);
        }
      else if (is_timezone > 0)
        {
          db_make_datetimetz (result, &dt_tz);
        }
      else
        {
          DB_DATETIME dt_local;

          error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz.datetime, &dt_tz.tz_id, &dt_local);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error;
        }
          db_make_datetime (result, &dt_local);
        }
    }
    }

error:
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR && error_status != ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (is_null_on_error)
    {
      /* clear error and return NULL */
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_date_add_interval_expr ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         result(out):
 *         date(in): source date
 *         expr(in): to be added interval
 *         unit(in): unit of interval expr
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Note:
 */
int
db_date_add_interval_expr (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * expr, const int unit)
{
  return db_date_add_sub_interval_expr (result, date, expr, unit, 1);
}

/*
 * db_date_sub_interval_expr ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         result(out):
 *         date(in): source date
 *         expr(in): to be subtracted interval
 *         unit(in): unit of interval expr
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Note:
 */
int
db_date_sub_interval_expr (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date, const DB_VALUE * expr, const int unit)
{
  return db_date_add_sub_interval_expr (result, date, expr, unit, 0);
}

static bool
db_check_datetime_format (const DB_VALUE * value_ptr)
{
  int len = db_get_string_size (value_ptr);
  char *ps = (char *) db_get_string (value_ptr);
#define LEAST_DATE_FORMAT_CHECK_LENGTH (26) // "09:10:15.359 am 2011-04-20"
  char *pe;
  int df = 0;
  int tf = 0;

  if (*ps == '\0' || len <= 8 /* "12:34:56", "1:1:1 1-1-1" */ )
    {
      return false;
    }

  pe = ps + ((len < LEAST_DATE_FORMAT_CHECK_LENGTH) ? len : LEAST_DATE_FORMAT_CHECK_LENGTH);

  while (ps < pe)
    {
      if (*ps == '-' || *ps == '/')
    {
      if (tf)
        {
          return true;
        }
      df++;
    }
      else if (*ps == ':')
    {
      if (df)
        {
          return true;
        }
      tf++;
    }
      ps++;
    }

  return false;
}


static int
get_date_time_info (DATE_TIME_INFO * dtzi, DB_TYPE res_type, const DB_VALUE * value_ptr, bool dateformat)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TIME db_time;
  DB_DATE db_date;
  DB_DATE *date_ptr;

  date_ptr = dateformat ? &db_date : NULL;

  dtzi->is_valid_tz = false;
  switch (res_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMP *ts_p = db_get_timestamp (value_ptr);
    error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_timestamp (ts_p, &dtzi->tz_id);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }

    (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (ts_p, date_ptr, &db_time);
    db_time_decode (&db_time, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s);
    if (dateformat)
      {
        db_date_decode (date_ptr, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year);
      }
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *tsmp_tz;

    tsmp_tz = db_get_timestamptz (value_ptr);
    error_status = db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (&tsmp_tz->timestamp, &tsmp_tz->tz_id, date_ptr, &db_time);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }

    db_time_decode (&db_time, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s);
    if (dateformat)
      {
        db_date_decode (date_ptr, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year);
      }
    dtzi->tz_id = tsmp_tz->tz_id;
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMP *tsmp;

    tsmp = db_get_timestamp (value_ptr);
    error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_timestamp (tsmp, &dtzi->tz_id);

    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }
    error_status = db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (tsmp, &dtzi->tz_id, date_ptr, &db_time);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }

    db_time_decode (&db_time, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s);
    if (dateformat)
      {
        db_date_decode (date_ptr, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year);
      }
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      {
    DB_DATETIME *dt_p = db_get_datetime (value_ptr);
    error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_datetime (dt_p, true, &dtzi->tz_id);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }
    db_datetime_decode (dt_p, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s, &dtzi->ms);
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIME dt_local;
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz;

    dt_tz = db_get_datetimetz (value_ptr);
    error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz->datetime, &dt_tz->tz_id, &dt_local);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }
    db_datetime_decode (&dt_local, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s, &dtzi->ms);
    dtzi->tz_id = dt_tz->tz_id;
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIME *dt, dt_local;

    dt = db_get_datetime (value_ptr);
    error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_datetime (dt, true, &dtzi->tz_id);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }

    error_status = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (dt, &dtzi->tz_id, &dt_local);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error_status;
      }
    db_datetime_decode (&dt_local, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s, &dtzi->ms);
    dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    bool check_has_date = false;

    if (dateformat == false)
      {
        if (db_check_datetime_format (value_ptr))
          {
        check_has_date = true;
          }
      }

    if (dateformat || check_has_date)
      {
        DB_VALUE dt;
        TP_DOMAIN *tp_datetime = db_type_to_db_domain (DB_TYPE_DATETIME);
        TP_DOMAIN *tp_datetimetz = db_type_to_db_domain (DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ);

        if (tp_value_cast (value_ptr, &dt, tp_datetime, false) == DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
          {
        db_datetime_decode (db_get_datetime (&dt), &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi,
                    &dtzi->s, &dtzi->ms);

        if (tp_value_cast (value_ptr, &dt, tp_datetimetz, false) == DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
          {
            DB_DATETIMETZ dt_tz;

            dt_tz = *db_get_datetimetz (&dt);
            dtzi->tz_id = dt_tz.tz_id;
            dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
          }

        if (check_has_date)
          {
            dtzi->ms = 0;
          }

        break;
          }
        else if (check_has_date == false)
          {
        error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        return error_status;
          }
      }

    {
      DB_VALUE tm;
      TP_DOMAIN *tp_time = db_type_to_db_domain (DB_TYPE_TIME);

      if (tp_value_cast (value_ptr, &tm, tp_time, false) != DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
        {
          error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
          return error_status;
        }

      db_time_decode (db_get_time (&tm), &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s);

      error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_time (db_get_time (&tm), true, &dtzi->tz_id);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return error_status;
        }
      dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
    }
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      assert (dateformat);
      {
    DB_DATE *d_p = db_get_date (value_ptr);
    db_date_decode (d_p, &dtzi->month, &dtzi->day, &dtzi->year);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      if (dateformat == false)
    {
      DB_TIME *t_p = db_get_time (value_ptr);

      error_status = tz_create_session_tzid_for_time (t_p, true, &dtzi->tz_id);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          return error_status;
        }

      db_time_decode (t_p, &dtzi->h, &dtzi->mi, &dtzi->s);
      dtzi->is_valid_tz = true;
      break;
    }
      else
    {
      [[fallthrough]];
    }

    default:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  return error_status;
}

inline static void
get_week_info (DATE_TIME_INFO * dtzi, bool sunday_first, int *days, int *tu, int *tv, int *tx, bool * binit)
{
  int weeks, ld_fw, days_counter;
  int dow2 = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year, 1, 1);
  int i, idx = sunday_first ? 1 : 0;

  if (binit[idx])
    {
      return;
    }

  if (sunday_first)
    {
      /* %U Week (00..53), where Sunday is the first d of the week */
      /* %V Week (01..53), where Sunday is the first d of the week; used with %X */
      /* %X Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V */

      ld_fw = 7 - dow2;

      for (days_counter = dtzi->day, i = 1; i < dtzi->month; i++)
    {
      days_counter += days[i];
    }

      if (days_counter <= ld_fw)
    {
      weeks = dow2 == 0 ? 1 : 0;
    }
      else
    {
      days_counter -= (dow2 == 0) ? 0 : ld_fw;
      weeks = days_counter / 7 + (days_counter % 7 ? 1 : 0);
    }

      tu[idx] = tv[idx] = weeks;
      tx[idx] = dtzi->year;
      if (tv[idx] == 0)
    {
      dow2 = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year - 1, 1, 1);
      days_counter = 365 + LEAP (dtzi->year - 1) - (dow2 == 0 ? 0 : 7 - dow2);
      tv[idx] = days_counter / 7 + (days_counter % 7 ? 1 : 0);
      tx[idx] = dtzi->year - 1;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* %u Week (00..53), where Monday is the first d of the week */
      /* %v Week (01..53), where Monday is the first d of the week; used with %x */
      /* %x Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v */

      weeks = (dow2 >= 1 && dow2 <= 4) ? 1 : 0;
      ld_fw = (dow2 == 0) ? 1 : (7 - dow2 + 1);

      for (days_counter = dtzi->day, i = 1; i < dtzi->month; i++)
    {
      days_counter += days[i];
    }

      if (days_counter > ld_fw)
    {
      days_counter -= ld_fw;
      weeks += days_counter / 7 + (days_counter % 7 ? 1 : 0);
    }

      tu[idx] = weeks;
      tv[idx] = weeks;
      tx[idx] = dtzi->year;
      if (tv[idx] == 0)
    {
      dow2 = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year - 1, 1, 1);
      weeks = dow2 >= 1 && dow2 <= 4 ? 1 : 0;
      ld_fw = dow2 == 0 ? 1 : 7 - dow2 + 1;
      days_counter = 365 + LEAP (dtzi->year - 1) - ld_fw;
      tv[idx] = weeks + days_counter / 7 + (days_counter % 7 ? 1 : 0);
      tx[idx] = dtzi->year - 1;
    }
      else if (tv[idx] == 53)
    {
      dow2 = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year + 1, 1, 1);
      if (dow2 >= 1 && dow2 <= 4)
        {
          tv[idx] = 1;
          tx[idx] = dtzi->year + 1;
        }
    }
    }

  binit[idx] = true;
}

static int
put_date_time_info (DATE_TIME_INFO * dtzi, const DB_VALUE * format, INTL_LANG date_lang_id,
            const LANG_LOCALE_DATA * lld, bool dateformat, char **res_ptr)
{
  const char *format_s = NULL, *format_e = NULL;
  char *res;
  int alloc_size, len;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  char tzr[TZR_SIZE + 1], tzd[TZ_DS_STRING_SIZE + 1];
  int tzh = 0, tzm = 0;
  int days[13] = { 0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
  int dow = -1;
  int tu[2] = { 0, 0 };
  int tv[2] = { 0, 0 };
  int tx[2] = { 0, 0 };
  bool tinit[2];
  bool is_matched;
  bool try_tz_explain_tz_id = false;

  tinit[0] = tinit[1] = false;

  assert (dtzi->mi >= 0);
  assert (dtzi->s >= 0);
  assert (dtzi->ms >= 0);
  assert (dtzi->h >= 0);

  format_s = db_get_string (format);
  //len = db_get_string_size (format);
  format_e = format_s + db_get_string_size (format);

  /* TODO:
   * Memory wastage must be prevented.
   *    1) You can calculate the required memory by reviewing the format in advance.
   *    2) After allocating it large enough, you can resize it at the end.(use db_private_realloc(thrd, ptr, size))
   */

  alloc_size = 128;
  len = 0;
  res = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, alloc_size);
  if (res == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

  days[2] += LEAP (dtzi->year);
  while (format_s < format_e)
    {
      /* assume we can't add at a time mode than 36 chars: 'America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia' */
      if ((len + 36) >= alloc_size)
    {
      char *tmp;

      tmp = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, alloc_size + 128);
      if (tmp == NULL)
        {
          error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
          goto error;
        }
      alloc_size += 128;
      memcpy (tmp, res, len);
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res);
      res = tmp;
    }

      if (format_s[0] != '%')
    {
      res[len++] = *format_s++;
      continue;
    }

      // meet '%'
      is_matched = true;
      switch (format_s[1])
    {
    case '%':
      res[len++] = format_s[1];
      break;

    case 'f':       /* %f Milliseconds (000..999) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%03d", dtzi->ms);
      break;

    case 'H':       /* %H Hour (00..23) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->h);
      break;

    case 'h':       /* %h Hour (01..12) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", (dtzi->h % 12 == 0) ? 12 : (dtzi->h % 12));
      break;

    case 'I':       /* %I Hour (01..12) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", (dtzi->h % 12 == 0) ? 12 : (dtzi->h % 12));
      break;

    case 'i':       /* %i Minutes, numeric (00..59) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->mi);
      break;

    case 'k':       /* %k Hour (0..23) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", dtzi->h);
      break;

    case 'l':       /* %l Hour (1..12) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", (dtzi->h % 12 == 0) ? 12 : (dtzi->h % 12));
      break;

    case 'p':       /* %p AM or PM */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", (dtzi->h > 11) ? lld->am_pm[PM_NAME] : lld->am_pm[AM_NAME]);
      break;

    case 'r':       /* %r Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d:%02d:%02d %s", (dtzi->h % 12 == 0) ? 12 : (dtzi->h % 12), dtzi->mi,
              dtzi->s, (dtzi->h > 11) ? lld->am_pm[PM_NAME] : lld->am_pm[AM_NAME]);
      break;

    case 'S':       /* %S Seconds (00..59) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->s);
      break;

    case 's':       /* %s Seconds (00..59) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->s);
      break;

    case 'T':       /* %T Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) or TZR/TZD/TZH/TZM */
      if (format_s[2] != 'Z')
        {
          /* %T Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) */
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d:%02d:%02d", dtzi->h, dtzi->mi, dtzi->s);
        }
      else
        {
          switch (format_s[3])
        {
        case 'R':
        case 'D':
        case 'H':
        case 'M':
          if (dtzi->is_valid_tz == false)
            {
              if ((error_status = er_errid ()) != ER_TZ_LOAD_ERROR)
            {
              error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
            }
              er_clear ();
              er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
              goto error;
            }

          if (try_tz_explain_tz_id == false)
            {
              tzr[0] = '\0';
              tzd[0] = '\0';
              error_status = tz_explain_tz_id (&dtzi->tz_id, tzr, sizeof (tzr), tzd, sizeof (tzd), &tzh, &tzm);
              if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              return error_status;
            }
              try_tz_explain_tz_id = true;
            }

          if (format_s[3] == 'H')
            {
              if ((tzh >= 0) && (tzm >= 0))
            {
              len += sprintf (res + len, "%c%02d", '+', tzh);
            }
              else
            {
              len += sprintf (res + len, "%c%02d", '-', -tzh);
            }
            }
          else if (format_s[3] == 'M')
            {
              len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", (tzm >= 0) ? tzm : -tzm);
            }
          else
            {
              len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", ((format_s[3] == 'R') ? tzr : tzd));
            }

          format_s += 2;
          break;

        default:    /* %T Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) */
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d:%02d:%02d", dtzi->h, dtzi->mi, dtzi->s);
          break;
        }
        }
      break;

    default:
      if (dateformat == false)
        {
          /* ignore '%' */
          res[len++] = format_s[1];
          break;
        }

      is_matched = false;
      break;
    }

      if (dateformat == false || is_matched)
    {
      format_s += 2;
      continue;
    }

      switch (format_s[1])
    {
    case 'a':       /* %a Abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) */
      if (dow == -1)
        {
          dow = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year, dtzi->month, dtzi->day);
        }
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", lld->day_short_name[dow]);
      break;

    case 'b':       /* %b Abbreviated m name (Jan..Dec) */
      if (dtzi->month > 0)
        {
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", lld->month_short_name[dtzi->month - 1]);
        }
      break;

    case 'c':       /* %c Month, numeric (0..12) - actually (1..12) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", dtzi->month);
      break;

    case 'D':       /* %D Day of the m with English suffix (0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd,...) */
      if (date_lang_id != INTL_LANG_ENGLISH)
        {
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", dtzi->day);
        }
      else if (dtzi->day / 10 == 1)
        {
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%dth", dtzi->day);
        }
      else
        {
          switch (dtzi->day % 10)
        {
        case 1:
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%dst", dtzi->day);
          break;
        case 2:
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%dnd", dtzi->day);
          break;
        case 3:
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%drd", dtzi->day);
          break;
        default:
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%dth", dtzi->day);
          break;
        }
        }
      break;

    case 'd':       /* %d Day of the m, numeric (00..31) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->day);
      break;

    case 'e':       /* %e Day of the m, numeric (0..31) - actually (1..31) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", dtzi->day);
      break;

    case 'j':       /* %j Day of year (001..366) */
      int j, i;
      for (j = dtzi->day, i = 1; i < dtzi->month; i++)
        {
          j += days[i];
        }
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%03d", j);
      break;

    case 'M':       /* %M Month name (January..December) */
      if (dtzi->month > 0)
        {
          len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", lld->month_name[dtzi->month - 1]);
        }
      break;

    case 'm':       /* %m Month, numeric (00..12) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->month);
      break;

    case 'U':       /* %U Week (00..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week */
      get_week_info (dtzi, true, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", tu[1]);
      break;

    case 'u':       /* %u Week (00..53), where Monday is the first day of the week */
      get_week_info (dtzi, false, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", tu[0]);
      break;

    case 'V':       /* %V Week (01..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with %X */
      get_week_info (dtzi, true, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", tv[1]);
      break;

    case 'v':       /* %v Week (01..53), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with %x */
      get_week_info (dtzi, false, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", tv[0]);
      break;

    case 'W':       /* %W Weekday name (Sunday..Saturday) */
      if (dow == -1)
        {
          dow = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year, dtzi->month, dtzi->day);
        }
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%s", lld->day_name[dow]);
      break;

    case 'w':       /* %w Day of the week (0=Sunday..6=Saturday) */
      if (dow == -1)
        {
          dow = db_get_day_of_week (dtzi->year, dtzi->month, dtzi->day);
        }
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%d", dow);
      break;

    case 'X':       /* %X Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V */
      get_week_info (dtzi, true, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%04d", tx[1]);
      break;

    case 'x':       /* %x Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v */
      get_week_info (dtzi, false, days, tu, tv, tx, tinit);
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%04d", tx[0]);
      break;

    case 'Y':       /* %Y Year, numeric, four digits */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%04d", dtzi->year);
      break;

    case 'y':       /* %y Year, numeric (two digits) */
      len += sprintf (res + len, "%02d", dtzi->year % 100);
      break;

    default:        /* ignore '%' */
      res[len++] = format_s[1];
      break;
    }

      format_s += 2;
    }               // while

  res[len] = '\0';
  *res_ptr = res;
  return error_status;

error:
  if (res != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res);
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_date_format ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         date_value: source date
 *         format: string with format specifiers
 *     result: output string
 *     domain: domain of result
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    formats the date according to a specified format
 */
int
db_date_format (const DB_VALUE * date_value, const DB_VALUE * format, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, DB_VALUE * result,
        const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  DB_TYPE res_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DATE_TIME_INFO dtz_info;

  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  const LANG_LOCALE_DATA *lld;
  bool dummy;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int res_collation;

  assert (date_lang != NULL);
  memset (&dtz_info, 0x00, sizeof (dtz_info));

  if (date_value == NULL || format == NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date_value) || DB_IS_NULL (format))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

#if 0
  // Remains disabled unless pt_get_expression_definition() is modified.
  if (!is_char_string (format))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }
#else
  assert (is_char_string (format)); /* In pt_get_expression_definition(), arg2 is specified as a string. */
#endif
  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (date_lang) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);

  date_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (db_get_int (date_lang), &dummy, &dummy);
  if (domain != NULL && domain->collation_flag != TP_DOMAIN_COLL_LEAVE)
    {
      codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
      res_collation = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);
    }
  else
    {
      codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format);
      res_collation = db_get_string_collation (format);
    }

  lld = lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset);
  if (lld == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  res_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date_value);

  /* 1. Get date values */
  error_status = get_date_time_info (&dtz_info, res_type, date_value, true);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }

  /* 2. Generate the output according to the format and the values */
  char *res = NULL;
  error_status = put_date_time_info (&dtz_info, format, date_lang_id, lld, true, &res);
  if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_string (result, res);
      db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result, codeset, res_collation);
      result->need_clear = true;

      return error_status;
    }

  if (res)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, res);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * parse_digits ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         s: source string to parse
 *         nr: output number
 *     cnt: length at which we trim the number (-1 if none)
 *
 * Returns: int - actual number of characters read
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    reads cnt digits until non-digit char reached
 */
static int
parse_digits (char *s, int *nr, int cnt)
{
  char *t = s;
  int val = 0;

  while (WHITESPACE (*t))
    {
      t++;
    }

  /* do not support negative numbers because... they are not supported :) */
  while (*t != 0 && (cnt-- > 0) && char_isdigit (*t))
    {
      val = (val * 10) + (*t - '0');
      t++;
    }

  *nr = val;
  return (int) (t - s);
}

/*
 * db_str_to_date ()
 *
 * Arguments:
 *         str: string from which we get the data
 *         format: format specifiers to match the str
 *         date_lang: id of language to use
 *     domain: expected domain of result, may be NULL; If NULL the domain
 *         output domain is determined according to format
 *
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Errors:
 *
 * Note:
 *    inverse function for date_format - compose a date/time from some format
 *    specifiers and some informations.
 */
int
db_str_to_date (const DB_VALUE * str, const DB_VALUE * format, const DB_VALUE * date_lang, DB_VALUE * result,
        TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  const char *format2_s = NULL;
  char *sstr = NULL, *format_s = NULL;
  int i, j, k, error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int type, len1, len2, h24 = 0, _v, _x;
  DB_TYPE res_type;
  int days[13] = { 0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
  int y, m, d, h, mi, s, ms, am /* 0 = AM, 1 = PM */ ;
  int u, U, v, V, dow, doy, w;
  char stack_buf_str[64];
  char *initial_buf_str = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_str = false;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  INTL_LANG date_lang_id;
  bool dummy;
  int tzm = 0, tzh = 0;
  bool set_tzh = false, set_tzm = false;
  int start_tzr = -1, len_tzr = -1, start_tzd = -1, len_tzd = -1;
  int zone_id = -1;
  bool is_negative_tzd = false;

  if (str == NULL || format == NULL || date_lang == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error;
    }

  db_make_null (result);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (str) || DB_IS_NULL (format))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (str);
  assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (date_lang) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);
  date_lang_id = lang_get_lang_id_from_flag (db_get_int (date_lang), &dummy, &dummy);
  if (lang_get_specific_locale (date_lang_id, codeset) == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (date_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      goto error;
    }

  y = m = d = V = v = U = u = -1;
  h = mi = s = ms = 0;
  dow = doy = am = -1;
  _v = _x = 0;

  error_status =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (str, stack_buf_str, sizeof (stack_buf_str), true, true, &initial_buf_str,
                     &do_free_buf_str);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  sstr = initial_buf_str;

  format2_s = db_get_string (format);
  len2 = db_get_string_size (format);
  len2 = (len2 < 0) ? strlen (format2_s) : len2;

  format_s = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, len2 + 1);
  if (!format_s)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }

  /* delete all whitespace from format */
  k = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < len2; i++)
    {
      if (!WHITESPACE (format2_s[i]))
    {
      format_s[k++] = format2_s[i];
    }
      /* '%' without format specifier */
      else if (i > 0 && format2_s[i - 1] == '%')
    {
      format_s[k] = '\0';
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS) == false)
        {
          error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
      goto error;
    }
    }
  format_s[k] = '\0';

  if (domain == NULL)
    {
      type = db_check_time_date_format (format_s);
      if (type == TIME_SPECIFIER)
    {
      res_type = DB_TYPE_TIME;
    }
      else if (type == DATE_SPECIFIER)
    {
      res_type = DB_TYPE_DATE;
    }
      else if (type == DATETIME_SPECIFIER)
    {
      res_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
    }
      else if (type == DATETIMETZ_SPECIFIER)
    {
      res_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error;
    }
    }
  else
    {
      res_type = TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain);
      if (res_type != DB_TYPE_TIME && res_type != DB_TYPE_DATE && res_type != DB_TYPE_DATETIME
      && res_type != DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error;
    }
    }

  /*
   * 1. Get information according to format specifiers
   *    iterate simultaneously through each string and sscanf when
   *    it is a format specifier.
   *    If a format specifier has more than one occurrence, get the last value.
   */
  do
    {
      len1 = strlen (sstr);
      len2 = strlen (format_s);

      i = j = k = 0;

      while (i < len1 && j < len2)
    {
      while (WHITESPACE (sstr[i]))
        {
          i++;
        }

      while (WHITESPACE (format_s[j]))
        {
          j++;
        }

      if (j > 0 && format_s[j - 1] == '%')
        {
          int token_size;
          int am_pm_id;

          /* do not accept a double % */
          if (j > 1 && format_s[j - 2] == '%')
        {
          if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS) == false)
            {
              error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
              er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
            }
          goto error;
        }

          /* we have a format specifier */
          switch (format_s[j])
        {
        case 'a':
          /* %a Abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) */
          error_status =
            get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY_SHORT, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &dow, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (dow == 0) /* not found - error */
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          dow = dow - 1;
          break;

        case 'b':
          /* %b Abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) */
          error_status =
            get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH_SHORT, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &m, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (m == 0)   /* not found - error */
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          break;

        case 'c':
          /* %c Month, numeric (0..12) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &m, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'D':
          /* %D Day of the month with English suffix (0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ...) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &d, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          /* need 2 necessary characters or whitespace (!) after */
          i += 2;
          break;

        case 'd':
          /* %d Day of the month, numeric (00..31) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &d, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'e':
          /* %e Day of the month, numeric (0..31) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &d, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'f':
          /* %f Milliseconds (000..999) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &ms, 3);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'H':
          /* %H Hour (00..23) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          h24 = 1;
          break;

        case 'h':
          /* %h Hour (01..12) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'I':
          /* %I Hour (01..12) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'i':
          /* %i Minutes, numeric (00..59) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &mi, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'j':
          /* %j Day of year (001..366) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &doy, 3);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'k':
          /* %k Hour (0..23) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          h24 = 1;
          break;

        case 'l':
          /* %l Hour (1..12) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'M':
          /* %M Month name (January..December) */
          error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_MONTH, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &m, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (m == 0)   /* not found - error */
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          break;

        case 'm':
          /* %m Month, numeric (00..12) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &m, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'p':
          /* %p AM or PM */
          error_status =
            get_string_date_token_id (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &am_pm_id, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (am_pm_id > 0)
            {
              if (am_pm_id % 2)
            {
              am = 0;
            }
              else
            {
              am = 1;
            }
            }
          else
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          break;

        case 'r':
          /* %r Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM) */

          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;

          while (WHITESPACE (sstr[i]))
            {
              i++;
            }

          if (sstr[i] != ':')
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i++;

          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &mi, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;

          while (WHITESPACE (sstr[i]))
            {
              i++;
            }

          if (sstr[i] != ':')
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i++;

          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &s, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;

          error_status =
            get_string_date_token_id (SDT_AM_PM, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &am_pm_id, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (am_pm_id > 0)
            {
              if (am_pm_id % 2)
            {
              am = 0;
            }
              else
            {
              am = 1;
            }
            }
          else
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          break;

        case 'S':
          /* %S Seconds (00..59) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &s, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 's':
          /* %s Seconds (00..59) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &s, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'T':
          /* %T Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) */
          if ((j + 1 < len2 && format_s[j + 1] != 'Z') || (j + 1 == len2))
            {
              k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &h, 2);
              if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
              i += k;

              while (WHITESPACE (sstr[i]))
            {
              i++;
            }

              if (sstr[i] != ':')
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
              i++;

              k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &mi, 2);
              if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

              i += k;
              while (WHITESPACE (sstr[i]))
            {
              i++;
            }

              if (sstr[i] != ':')
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
              i++;

              k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &s, 2);
              if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
              i += k;
              h24 = 1;
            }
          else if (j + 2 < len2)
            {
              switch (format_s[j + 2])
            {
            case 'R':
              {
                start_tzr = i;
                zone_id = tz_get_best_match_zone (sstr + i, &len_tzr);
                if (zone_id < 0)
                  {
                error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
                er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
                goto error;
                  }
                i += len_tzr;
                j += 2;
              }
              break;

            case 'D':
              {
                int frmt_len_spec = 0;
                int tzd_exp_len = TZD_DEFAULT_EXPECTED_LEN;
                int j_tzd = j + 3;

                /* format TZD[number] */
                if (j_tzd + frmt_len_spec < len2)
                  {
                while (char_isdigit (format_s[j_tzd + frmt_len_spec]))
                  {
                    frmt_len_spec++;
                  }

                if (frmt_len_spec > 0)
                  {
                    k = parse_digits (&format_s[j_tzd], &tzd_exp_len, frmt_len_spec);
                    if (k <= 0)
                      {
                    goto conversion_error;
                      }
                  }
                  }

                if (tzd_exp_len <= 1 || tzd_exp_len > TZD_MAX_EXPECTED_LEN)
                  {
                goto conversion_error;
                  }

                start_tzd = i;
                len_tzd = parse_tzd (sstr + i, tzd_exp_len);
                if (len_tzd < 0)
                  {
                error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
                er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
                goto error;
                  }
                i += len_tzd;
                /* skip 'ZD[number]', leading 'T' is skipped by loop common code */
                j += 2 + frmt_len_spec;
              }
              break;

            case 'H':
            case 'M':
              {
                int *p = NULL;

                if (format_s[j + 2] == 'H')
                  {
                p = &tzh;
                set_tzh = true;
                  }
                else
                  {
                p = &tzm;
                set_tzm = true;
                  }

                /* Get the timezone hour offset */
                if (sstr[i] == '+' || sstr[i] == '-')
                  {
                if (format_s[j + 2] == 'M')
                  {
                    error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
                    er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
                    goto error;
                  }
                if (sstr[i] == '-')
                  {
                    is_negative_tzd = true;
                  }
                else
                  {
                    is_negative_tzd = false;
                  }
                i++;
                  }

                k = parse_digits (sstr + i, p, 2);
                if (k <= 0)
                  {
                goto conversion_error;
                  }
                i += k;
                j += 2;
              }
              break;

            default:
              error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
              er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
              goto error;
            }
            }

          break;

        case 'U':
          /* %U Week (00..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &U, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'u':
          /* %u Week (00..53), where Monday is the first day of the week */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &u, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'V':
          /* %V Week (01..53), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with %X */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &V, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          _v = 1;
          break;

        case 'v':
          /* %v Week (01..53), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with %x */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &v, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          _v = 2;
          break;

        case 'W':
          /* %W Weekday name (Sunday..Saturday) */
          error_status = get_string_date_token_id (SDT_DAY, date_lang_id, sstr + i, codeset, &dow, &token_size);
          if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }

          i += token_size;

          if (dow == 0) /* not found - error */
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          dow = dow - 1;
          break;

        case 'w':
          /* %w Day of the week (0=Sunday..6=Saturday) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &dow, 1);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'X':
          /* %X Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V
           */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &y, 4);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          _x = 1;
          break;

        case 'x':
          /* %x Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with
           * %v */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &y, 4);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          _x = 2;
          break;

        case 'Y':
          /* %Y Year, numeric, four digits */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &y, 4);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;
          break;

        case 'y':
          /* %y Year, numeric (two digits) */
          k = parse_digits (sstr + i, &y, 2);
          if (k <= 0)
            {
              goto conversion_error;
            }
          i += k;

          /* TODO: 70 convention always available? */
          if (y < 70)
            {
              y = 2000 + y;
            }
          else
            {
              y = 1900 + y;
            }

          break;

        default:
          goto conversion_error;
          break;
        }
        }
      else if (sstr[i] != format_s[j] && format_s[j] != '%')
        {
          if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS) == false)
        {
          error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
        }
          goto error;
        }
      else if (format_s[j] != '%')
        {
          i++;
        }

      /* when is a format specifier do not advance in sstr because we need the entire value */
      j++;
    }
    }
  while (0);

  /* 2. Validations */
  if (len_tzd > 0 || len_tzr > 0)
    {
      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error;
    }
    }
  if (is_negative_tzd)
    {
      tzh = -tzh;
      tzm = -tzm;
    }

  if (am != -1)         /* 24h time format and am/pm */
    {
      if (h24 == 1 || h == 0)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (h == 12)
    {
      h = 0;
    }
    }
  if (h24 == 0 && h > 12)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

  if (_x != _v && _x != -1) /* accept %v only if %x and %V only if %X */
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

  days[2] += LEAP (y);

  /*
   * validations are done here because they are done just on the last memorized
   * values (ie: if you supply a month 99 then a month 12 the 99 isn't validated
   * because it's overwritten by 12 which is correct).
   */

  /*
   * check only upper bounds, lower bounds will be checked later and
   * will return error
   */
  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATE || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      /* replace invalid initial year with default year */
      y = (y == -1) ? 1 : y;
      /* year is validated because it's vital for m & d */
      if (y > 9999)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (m > 12)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      /* because we do not support invalid dates ... */
      if (m != -1 && d > days[m])
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (u > 53)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (v > 53)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (v == 0 || u > 53)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (V == 0 || u > 53)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (doy == 0 || doy > 365 + LEAP (y))
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (dow > 6)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }
    }

  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      if ((am != -1 && h > 12) || (am == -1 && h > 23))
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }
      if (am == 1 && h != -1)
    {
      h += 12;
      /* reset AM flag */
      am = -1;
    }

      if (mi > 59)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (s > 59)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }
      /* mili does not need checking, it has all values from 0 to 999 */
    }


  /* 3. Try to compute a date according to the information from the format specifiers */

  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      /* --- no job to do --- */
      goto write_results;
    }

  /* the year is fixed, compute the day and month from dow, doy, etc */
  /*
   * the day and month can be supplied specifically which supress all other
   * informations or can be computed from dow and week or from doy
   */

  /* 3.1 - we have a valid day and month */
  if (m >= 1 && m <= 12 && d >= 1 && d <= days[m])
    {
      /* --- no job to do --- */
      goto write_results;
    }

  w = MAX (v, MAX (V, MAX (u, U)));
  /* 3.2 - we have the day of week and a week */
  if (dow != -1 && w != -1)
    {
      int dow2 = db_get_day_of_week (y, 1, 1);
      int ld_fw, save_dow, dowdiff;

      if (U == w || V == w)
    {
      ld_fw = 7 - dow2;

      if (w == 0)
        {
          dowdiff = dow - dow2;
          d = dow2 == 0 ? 32 - (7 - dow) : dowdiff < 0 ? 32 + dowdiff : 1 + dowdiff;
          m = dow2 == 0 || dowdiff < 0 ? 12 : 1;
          y = dow2 == 0 || dowdiff < 0 ? y - 1 : y;
        }
      else
        {
          d = dow2 == 0 ? 1 : ld_fw + 1;
          m = 1;
          if (db_add_weeks_and_days_to_date (&d, &m, &y, w - 1, dow) == ER_FAILED)
        {
          goto conversion_error;
        }
        }
    }
      else if (u == w || v == w)
    {
      ld_fw = dow2 == 0 ? 1 : 7 - dow2 + 1;
      if (w == 0 || w == 1)
        {
          save_dow = dow;
          dow = dow == 0 ? 7 : dow;
          dow2 = dow2 == 0 ? 7 : dow2;
          dowdiff = dow - dow2;

          if (dow2 >= 1 && dow2 <= 4)   /* start with week 1 */
        {
          d = w == 0 ? 32 + dowdiff - 7 : dowdiff < 0 ? 32 + dowdiff : 1 + dowdiff;
          m = w == 0 || dowdiff < 0 ? 12 : 1;
          y = w == 0 || dowdiff < 0 ? y - 1 : y;
        }
          else
        {
          d = dowdiff < 0 ? (w == 0 ? 32 + dowdiff : ld_fw + dow) : (w == 0 ? 1 + dowdiff : 1 + dowdiff + 7);
          m = dowdiff < 0 && w == 0 ? 12 : 1;
          y = dowdiff < 0 && w == 0 ? y - 1 : y;
        }
          dow = save_dow;
        }
      else
        {
          d = ld_fw + 1;
          m = 1;

          if (db_add_weeks_and_days_to_date (&d, &m, &y, dow2 >= 1 && dow2 <= 4 ? w - 2 : w - 1,
                         dow == 0 ? 6 : dow - 1) == ER_FAILED)
        {
          goto conversion_error;
        }
        }
    }
      else
    {
      goto conversion_error;    /* should not happen */
    }
    }
  /* 3.3 - we have the day of year */
  else if (doy != -1)
    {
      for (m = 1; doy > days[m] && m <= 12; m++)
    {
      doy -= days[m];
    }

      d = doy;
    }

write_results:
  /* last validations before writing results - we need only complete data info */

  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATE || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      /* replace invalid initial date (-1,-1,-1) with default date (1,1,1) */
      y = (y == -1) ? 1 : y;
      m = (m == -1) ? 1 : m;
      d = (d == -1) ? 1 : d;

      if (y < 0 || m < 0 || d < 0)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }

      if (d > days[m])
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }
    }

  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME || res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      if (h < 0 || mi < 0 || s < 0)
    {
      goto conversion_error;
    }
    }

  if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATE)
    {
      db_make_date (result, m, d, y);
    }
  else if (res_type == DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      db_make_time (result, h, mi, s);
    }
  else if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIME)
    {
      DB_DATETIME db_datetime;

      db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);

      db_make_datetime (result, &db_datetime);
    }
  else if (res_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
    {
      DB_DATETIME db_datetime;
      DB_DATETIMETZ db_datetimetz;

      db_datetime_encode (&db_datetime, m, d, y, h, mi, s, ms);

      if (set_tzh == true || set_tzm == true)
    {
      error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_offset (&db_datetime, tzh, tzm, &db_datetimetz);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto conversion_error;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      const char *dst = NULL;
      TZ_REGION session_tz_region;

      if (len_tzd > 0)
        {
          assert (start_tzd >= 0);
          dst = sstr + start_tzd;
        }
      tz_get_session_tz_region (&session_tz_region);
      error_status = tz_create_datetimetz_from_zoneid_and_tzd (&db_datetime, &session_tz_region, zone_id, dst,
                                   len_tzd, false, &db_datetimetz);
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto conversion_error;
        }
    }

      db_make_datetimetz (result, &db_datetimetz);
    }

error:
  if (format_s)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, format_s);
    }
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  return error_status;

conversion_error:
  if (do_free_buf_str)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_str != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_str);
    }
  if (format_s)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, format_s);
    }

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      error_status = NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  db_make_null (result);
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_time_dbval () - extract the time from input parameter.
 *   return: NO_ERROR, or error code
 *   result(out) : resultant db_value
 *   datetime_value(in) : time, timestamp or datetime expression
 *   domain(in): result domain
 */
int
db_time_dbval (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * datetime_value, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  DB_TYPE type;
  char *res_s;
  int hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0, milisec = 0;
  int size;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (datetime_value))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  type = DB_VALUE_TYPE (datetime_value);

  if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (datetime_value, &hour, &min, &sec, &milisec) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TIME_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
    }

  if (milisec != 0)
    {
      size = 12 + 1;        /* HH:MM:SS.MMM */
    }
  else
    {
      size = 8 + 1;     /* HH:MM:SS */
    }

  res_s = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, size);
  if (res_s == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

  if (milisec != 0)
    {
      sprintf (res_s, "%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d", hour, min, sec, milisec);
    }
  else
    {
      sprintf (res_s, "%02d:%02d:%02d", hour, min, sec);
    }

  switch (type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      db_make_varchar (result, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, res_s, strlen (res_s),
               db_get_string_codeset (datetime_value), db_get_string_collation (datetime_value));
      break;

    default:
      db_make_string (result, res_s);
      break;
    }

  if (domain != NULL)
    {
      assert (TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain) == DB_VALUE_TYPE (result));

      db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result, TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain), TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain));
    }

  result->need_clear = true;

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_date_dbval () - extract the date from input parameter.
 *   return: NO_ERROR, or ER_code
 *   result(out) : resultant db_value
 *   date_value(in) : date or datetime expression
 *   domain: domain of result
 */
int
db_date_dbval (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * date_value, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  char *res_s;
  int y, m, d, hour, min, sec, ms;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int collation_id;

  if (date_value == NULL || result == NULL)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  y = m = d = 0;

  if ((DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date_value) == DB_TYPE_NULL) || DB_IS_NULL (date_value))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (date_value, &y, &m, &d, &hour, &min, &sec, &ms, NULL) != NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_DATE_CONVERSION, 0);
      return ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
    }

  res_s = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, 10 + 1); /* MM/DD/YYYY */
  if (res_s == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

  sprintf (res_s, "%02d/%02d/%04d", m, d, y);

  if (domain != NULL)
    {
      codeset = TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (domain);
      collation_id = TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (domain);
    }
  else if (TP_IS_STRING_TYPE (DB_VALUE_TYPE (date_value)))
    {
      codeset = db_get_string_codeset (date_value);
      collation_id = db_get_string_collation (date_value);
    }
  else
    {
      codeset = LANG_SYS_CODESET;
      collation_id = LANG_SYS_COLLATION;
    }

  db_make_string (result, res_s);
  db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result, codeset, collation_id);

  result->need_clear = true;

  return error_status;
}

/*
 *  count_leap_years_up_to - count the leap years up to year
 *  return: the counted value
 *  year(in) : the last year to evaluate
 */
int
count_leap_years_up_to (int year)
{
  return (year / 4 - year / 100 + year / 400);
}

/*
 *  count_nonleap_years_up_to - count the non leap years up to year
 *  return: the counted value
 *  year(in) : the last year to evaluate
 */
int
count_nonleap_years_up_to (int year)
{
  return (year - count_leap_years_up_to (year));
}

/*
 * db_date_diff () - expr1 ?? expr2 expressed as a value in days from
 *           one date to the other.
 *   return: int
 *   result(out) : resultant db_value
 *   date_value1(in)   : first date
 *   date_value2(in)   : second date
 */
int
db_date_diff (const DB_VALUE * date_value1, const DB_VALUE * date_value2, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  DB_TYPE type1, type2;
  int y1 = 0, m1 = 0, d1 = 0;
  int y2 = 0, m2 = 0, d2 = 0;
  int hour, min, sec, ms;
  int cly1, cly2, cnly1, cnly2, cdpm1, cdpm2, cdpy1, cdpy2, diff, i, cd1, cd2;
  int m_days[13] = { 0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int retval;

  if (date_value1 == NULL || date_value2 == NULL || result == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_FAILED;
      goto error;
    }

  type1 = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date_value1);
  if (type1 == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date_value1))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      goto error;
    }

  type2 = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (date_value2);
  if (type2 == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date_value2))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      goto error;
    }

  retval = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (date_value1, &y1, &m1, &d1, &hour, &min, &sec, &ms, NULL);
  if (retval != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      db_make_null (result);
      goto error;
    }

  retval = db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (date_value2, &y2, &m2, &d2, &hour, &min, &sec, &ms, NULL);
  if (retval != NO_ERROR)
    {
      error_status = ER_DATE_CONVERSION;
      db_make_null (result);
      goto error;
    }

  if ((y1 == 0 && m1 == 0 && d1 == 0 && hour == 0 && min == 0 && sec == 0 && ms == 0)
      || (y2 == 0 && m2 == 0 && d2 == 0 && hour == 0 && min == 0 && sec == 0 && ms == 0))
    {
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE, 0);
      return ER_ATTEMPT_TO_USE_ZERODATE;
    }

  cly1 = count_leap_years_up_to (y1 - 1);
  cnly1 = count_nonleap_years_up_to (y1 - 1);
  cdpy1 = cly1 * 366 + cnly1 * 365;
  m_days[2] = LEAP (y1) ? 29 : 28;
  cdpm1 = 0;
  for (i = 1; i < m1; i++)
    {
      cdpm1 += m_days[i];
    }

  cly2 = count_leap_years_up_to (y2 - 1);
  cnly2 = count_nonleap_years_up_to (y2 - 1);
  cdpy2 = cly2 * 366 + cnly2 * 365;
  m_days[2] = LEAP (y2) ? 29 : 28;
  cdpm2 = 0;
  for (i = 1; i < m2; i++)
    {
      cdpm2 += m_days[i];
    }

  cd1 = cdpy1 + cdpm1 + d1;
  cd2 = cdpy2 + cdpm2 + d2;
  diff = cd1 - cd2;

  db_make_int (result, diff);

error:
  return error_status;
}

int
db_from_unixtime (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * format, const DB_VALUE * date_lang,
          DB_VALUE * result, const TP_DOMAIN * domain)
{
  time_t unix_timestamp;
  DB_TYPE format_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  assert (src_value != NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_value))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  if (DB_VALUE_TYPE (src_value) != DB_TYPE_INTEGER)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }
  unix_timestamp = db_get_int (src_value);
  if (unix_timestamp < 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }

  if (format == NULL)
    {
      /* if unix_timestamp is called without a format argument, return the timestamp */
      db_make_timestamp (result, (DB_TIMESTAMP) unix_timestamp);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (format))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  format_type = DB_VALUE_TYPE (format);
  switch (format_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    DB_VALUE ts_val;
    DB_VALUE default_date_lang;

    db_make_timestamp (&ts_val, (DB_TIMESTAMP) unix_timestamp);
    if (date_lang == NULL || DB_IS_NULL (date_lang))
      {
        /* use date_lang for en_US */
        db_make_int (&default_date_lang, 0);
        date_lang = &default_date_lang;
      }

    error_status = db_date_format (&ts_val, format, date_lang, result, domain);
    if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
      {
        goto error;
      }
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    default:
      error_status = ER_TIMESTAMP_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_time_diff () - return the difference between TIME values val1 and val2,
 *           expressed as a TIME value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   result(out) : resultant db_value
 *   val1(in)    : first date/time value
 *   val2(in)    : second date/time value
 */
int
db_time_diff (const DB_VALUE * val1, const DB_VALUE * val2, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int y1 = 0, m1 = 0, d1 = 0, hour1 = 0, min1 = 0, sec1 = 0;
  int y2 = 0, m2 = 0, d2 = 0, hour2 = 0, min2 = 0, sec2 = 0;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int leap_years1, leap_years2, days_this_year1, days_this_year2;
  int total_days1, total_days2;
  int total_seconds1, total_seconds2, time_diff, date_diff = 0;
  int min_res, sec_res, hour_res;
  int ret_int, ms;
  DB_TYPE val1_type = DB_TYPE_TIME, val2_type = DB_TYPE_TIME;
  int hour_aux, min_aux, sec_aux, ms_aux;

  assert (val1 != NULL);
  assert (val2 != NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (val1) || DB_IS_NULL (val2))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (val1) != DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (val2))
    {
      error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
      goto error;
    }

  /* get date/time information from val1 */
  if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (val1, &hour1, &min1, &sec1, &ms) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (val1, &y1, &m1, &d1, &hour_aux, &min_aux, &sec_aux, &ms_aux, NULL) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (hour_aux != hour1 || min_aux != min1 || sec_aux != sec1)
        {
          y1 = 0;
          m1 = 0;
          d1 = 0;
        }
      else
        {
          val1_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      /* Extracted time is used. Make sure error is not leaked. */
      er_clear ();
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* val1 may be Date type, try it here */
      if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (val1, &y1, &m1, &d1, &hour_aux, &min_aux, &sec_aux, &ms_aux, NULL) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      val1_type = DB_TYPE_DATE;
      /* Extracted time is used. Make sure error is not leaked. */
      er_clear ();
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }
    }

  /* get date/time information from val2 */
  if (db_get_time_from_dbvalue (val2, &hour2, &min2, &sec2, &ms) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (val2, &y2, &m2, &d2, &hour_aux, &min_aux, &sec_aux, &ms_aux, NULL) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      if (hour_aux != hour2 || min_aux != min2 || sec_aux != sec2)
        {
          y2 = 0;
          m2 = 0;
          d2 = 0;
        }
      else
        {
          val2_type = DB_TYPE_DATETIME;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      /* Extracted time is used. Make sure error is not leaked. */
      er_clear ();
    }
    }
  else
    {
      /* val2 may be Date type, try it here */
      if (db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (val2, &y2, &m2, &d2, &hour_aux, &min_aux, &sec_aux, &ms_aux, NULL) == NO_ERROR)
    {
      /* Extracted time is used. Make sure error is not leaked. */
      er_clear ();
      val2_type = DB_TYPE_DATE;
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }
    }
  if (val1_type != val2_type)
    {
      error_status = ER_QPROC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
      goto error;
    }

  if (val1_type != DB_TYPE_TIME)
    {
      /* convert dates to days */
      leap_years1 = count_leap_years_up_to (y1 - 1);
      days_this_year1 = db_get_day_of_year (y1, m1, d1);
      total_days1 = y1 * 365 + leap_years1 + days_this_year1;

      leap_years2 = count_leap_years_up_to (y2 - 1);
      days_this_year2 = db_get_day_of_year (y2, m2, d2);
      total_days2 = y2 * 365 + leap_years2 + days_this_year2;

      date_diff = total_days1 - total_days2;
    }

  total_seconds1 = sec1 + min1 * 60 + hour1 * 3600;
  total_seconds2 = sec2 + min2 * 60 + hour2 * 3600;
  time_diff = total_seconds1 - total_seconds2;

  date_diff = date_diff * 3600 * 24 + time_diff;

  hour_res = (date_diff / 3600);
  min_res = (date_diff % 3600) / 60;
  sec_res = date_diff - 3600 * hour_res - 60 * min_res;

  db_make_time (result, hour_res, min_res, sec_res);
  ret_int = (int) *(db_get_time (result));

  /* check time overflow on result */
  if (ret_int < 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_TIME_CONVERSION;
      goto error;
    }
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  db_make_null (result);
  er_clear ();
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
  return error_status;
}

/*
 *  parse_time_string - parse a string given by the second argument of
 *                      timestamp function
 *  return: NO_ERROR
 *
 *  timestr(in)     : input string
 *  timestr_size(in): input string size
 *  sign(out)       : 0 if positive, -1 if negative
 *  h(out)      : hours
 *  m(out)      : minutes
 *  s(out)      : seconds
 *  ms(out)     : milliseconds
 */
static int
parse_time_string (const char *timestr, int timestr_size, int *sign, int *h, int *m, int *s, int *ms)
{
  int args[4], num_args = 0, tmp;
  const char *ch;
  const char *dot = NULL, *end;

  assert (sign != NULL && h != NULL && m != NULL && s != NULL && ms != NULL);
  *sign = *h = *m = *s = *ms = 0;

  if (!timestr || !timestr_size)
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  ch = timestr;
  end = timestr + timestr_size;

  SKIP_SPACES (ch, end);

  if (*ch == '-')
    {
      *sign = 1;
      ch++;
    }

  /* Find dot('.') to separate milli-seconds part from whole string. */
  dot = ch;
  while (dot != end && *dot != '.')
    {
      dot++;
    }

  if (dot != end)
    {
      char ms_string[4];

      dot++;
      tmp = CAST_BUFLEN (end - dot);
      if (tmp)
    {
      tmp = (tmp < 3 ? tmp : 3);
      strncpy (ms_string, dot, tmp);
    }
      ms_string[3] = '\0';

      switch (tmp)
    {
    case 0:
      *ms = 0;
      break;

    case 1:
      ms_string[1] = '0';
      [[fallthrough]];
    case 2:
      ms_string[2] = '0';
      [[fallthrough]];
    default:
      *ms = atoi (ms_string);
    }
    }

  /* First ':' character means '0:'. */
  SKIP_SPACES (ch, end);
  if (ch != end && *ch == ':')
    {
      args[num_args++] = 0;
      ch++;
    }

  if (ch != end)
    {
      while (num_args < (int) (sizeof (args) / sizeof (*args)) && char_isdigit (*ch))
    {
      tmp = 0;
      do
        {
          /* check for overflow */
          if (tmp >= INT_MAX / 10)
        {
          tmp = INT_MAX;
        }
          else
        {
          tmp = tmp * 10 + *ch - '0';
        }
          ch++;
        }
      while (ch != end && char_isdigit (*ch));

      args[num_args++] = tmp;

      /* Digits should be separated by ':' character. If we meet other characters, stop parsing. */
      if (ch == end || *ch != ':')
        {
          break;
        }
      ch++;
    }
    }

  switch (num_args)
    {
    case 1:
      /* Consider single value as H...HMMSS. */
      *s = args[0] % 100;
      args[0] /= 100;
      *m = args[0] % 100;
      *h = args[0] / 100;
      break;

    case 2:
      *h = args[0];
      *m = args[1];
      break;

    case 3:
      *h = args[0];
      *m = args[1];
      *s = args[2];
      break;

    case 0:
    default:
      /* do nothing */
      ;
    }
  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * db_bit_to_blob - convert bit string value to blob value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): bit string value
 *   result_value(out): blob value
 */
int
db_bit_to_blob (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO *elo;
  const char *src_str;
  int src_length = 0;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else if (QSTR_IS_BIT (src_type))
    {
      error_status = db_create_fbo (result_value, DB_TYPE_BLOB);
      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      elo = db_get_elo (result_value);
      src_str = db_get_bit (src_value, &src_length);
      if (src_length > 0)
        {
          error_status = db_elo_write (elo, 0, src_str, QSTR_NUM_BYTES (src_length), NULL);
        }
    }
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_char_to_blob - convert char string value to blob value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): char string value
 *   result_value(out): blob value
 */
int
db_char_to_blob (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO *elo;
  const char *src_str;
  int src_size;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      error_status = db_create_fbo (result_value, DB_TYPE_BLOB);
      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      elo = db_get_elo (result_value);
      src_str = db_get_string (src_value);
      src_size = db_get_string_size (src_value);
      if (src_size > 0)
        {
          error_status = db_elo_write (elo, 0, src_str, src_size, NULL);
        }
    }
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_blob_to_bit - convert blob value to bit string value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): blob value
 *   length_value(in): the length to convert
 *   result_value(out): bit string value
 */
int
db_blob_to_bit (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * length_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type, length_type;
  int max_length;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (length_value == NULL || DB_VALUE_TYPE (length_value) == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      length_type = DB_TYPE_INTEGER;
      max_length = -1;
    }
  else
    {
      length_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (length_value);
      max_length = db_get_int (length_value);
    }
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB && length_type == DB_TYPE_INTEGER)
    {
      error_status = lob_to_bit_char (src_value, result_value, DB_TYPE_BLOB, max_length);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_blob_from_file - construct blob value from the file (char string literal)
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): char string literal (file path)
 *   result_value(out): blob value
 */
int
db_blob_from_file (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  char path_buf[PATH_MAX + 1];  /* reserve buffer for '\0' */
  const char *default_prefix = ES_LOCAL_PATH_PREFIX;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  path_buf[0] = '\0';
  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      int path_buf_len = 0;
      int src_size = db_get_string_size (src_value);

      src_size = (src_size < 0) ? strlen (db_get_string (src_value)) : src_size;

      if (db_get_string_size (src_value) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      if (es_get_type (db_get_string (src_value)) == ES_NONE)
    {
      /* Set default prefix, if no valid prefix was set. */
      strcpy (path_buf, default_prefix);
      path_buf_len = strlen (path_buf);
    }

      strncat (path_buf, db_get_string (src_value), MIN (src_size, PATH_MAX - path_buf_len));
      path_buf[path_buf_len + MIN (src_size, PATH_MAX - path_buf_len)] = '\0';

      error_status = lob_from_file (path_buf, src_value, result_value, DB_TYPE_BLOB);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_blob_length - get the length of blob value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): blob value
 *   result_value(out): bigint value
 */
int
db_blob_length (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_BLOB)
    {
      error_status = lob_length (src_value, result_value);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_char_to_clob - convert char string value to clob value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): char string value
 *   result_value(out): clob value
 */
int
db_char_to_clob (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_ELO *elo;
  const char *src_str;
  int src_size;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      error_status = db_create_fbo (result_value, DB_TYPE_CLOB);
      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      elo = db_get_elo (result_value);
      src_str = db_get_string (src_value);
      src_size = db_get_string_size (src_value);
      if (src_size > 0)
        {
          error_status = db_elo_write (elo, 0, src_str, src_size, NULL);
        }
    }
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_clob_to_char - convert clob value to char string value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): clob value
 *   codeset_value(in): the codeset of output string
 *   result_value(out): char string value
 */
int
db_clob_to_char (const DB_VALUE * src_value, const DB_VALUE * codeset_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int max_length;
  int cs = LANG_SYS_CODESET;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  if (codeset_value != NULL)
    {
      assert (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (codeset_value) == DB_TYPE_INTEGER);

      cs = db_get_int (codeset_value);
      if (cs != INTL_CODESET_UTF8 && cs != INTL_CODESET_ISO88591 && cs != INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }
    }
  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);

  max_length = -1;

  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CLOB)
    {
      error_status = lob_to_bit_char (src_value, result_value, DB_TYPE_CLOB, max_length);

      if (result_value != NULL && DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (result_value) == DB_TYPE_VARCHAR)
    {
      db_string_put_cs_and_collation (result_value, cs, LANG_GET_BINARY_COLLATION (cs));
    }
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_clob_from_file - construct clob value from the file (char string literal)
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): char string literal (file path)
 *   result_value(out): clob value
 */
int
db_clob_from_file (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  char path_buf[PATH_MAX + 1];  /* reserve buffer for '\0' */
  const char *default_prefix = ES_LOCAL_PATH_PREFIX;

  assert (src_value != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  path_buf[0] = '\0';
  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (QSTR_IS_CHAR (src_type))
    {
      int path_buf_len = 0;
      int src_size = db_get_string_size (src_value);

      src_size = (src_size < 0) ? strlen (db_get_string (src_value)) : src_size;

      if (db_get_string_size (src_value) == 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      if (es_get_type (db_get_string (src_value)) == ES_NONE)
    {
      /* Set default prefix, if no valid prefix was set. */
      strcpy (path_buf, default_prefix);
      path_buf_len = strlen (path_buf);
    }

      strncat (path_buf, db_get_string (src_value), MIN (src_size, PATH_MAX - path_buf_len));
      path_buf[path_buf_len + MIN (src_size, PATH_MAX - path_buf_len)] = '\0';

      error_status = lob_from_file (path_buf, src_value, result_value, DB_TYPE_CLOB);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_clob_length - get the length of clob value
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   src_value(in): clob value
 *   result_value(out): bigint value
 */
int
db_clob_length (const DB_VALUE * src_value, DB_VALUE * result_value)
{
  DB_TYPE src_type;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;

  assert (src_value != NULL && result_value != NULL);

  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);
  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_NULL)
    {
      db_make_null (result_value);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (src_type == DB_TYPE_CLOB)
    {
      error_status = lob_length (src_value, result_value);
    }
  else
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue () - splits a generic DB_VALUE to
 *                   year, month, day, hour, minute, second
 * Arguments:
 *         src_date(in) : db_value to split
 *         year(out)      : year
 *         month(out)     : month
 *         day(out)   : day
 *         hour(out)      : hour
 *         minute(out)  : minute
 *         second(out)  : second
 *     millisecond(out) : millisecond
 *     endp(out)    : end pointer into src_date after parsing string
 * Returns: int
 * Note: Callers should not use the global error mechanism.
 *       This function returns ER_FAILED without setting the global error info
 */
int
db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue (const DB_VALUE * src_date, int *year, int *month, int *day, int *hour, int *minute,
                  int *second, int *millisecond, const char **endp)
{
  DB_TYPE arg_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      /* return error if src_date is null */
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  arg_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_date);
  switch (arg_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      {
    DB_DATETIME db_datetime;
    int str_len;
    const char *strp;

    strp = db_get_string (src_date);
    str_len = db_get_string_size (src_date);
    if (db_date_parse_datetime_parts (strp, str_len, &db_datetime, NULL, NULL, NULL, endp) != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return ER_FAILED;
      }

    return db_datetime_decode (&db_datetime, month, day, year, hour, minute, second, millisecond);
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      {
    *hour = 0;
    *minute = 0;
    *second = 0;
    *millisecond = 0;
    db_date_decode (db_get_date (src_date), month, day, year);

    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIME *dt_p;
    DB_DATETIME dt_local;
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;

    if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ)
      {
        dt_p = db_get_datetime (src_date);
        if (tz_datetimeltz_to_local (dt_p, &dt_local) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
        dt_p = &dt_local;
      }
    else if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
      {
        dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (src_date);
        if (tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz_p->datetime, &dt_tz_p->tz_id, &dt_local) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
        dt_p = &dt_local;
      }
    else
      {
        dt_p = db_get_datetime (src_date);
      }

    return db_datetime_decode (dt_p, month, day, year, hour, minute, second, millisecond);
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_DATE db_date = 0;
    DB_TIME db_time = 0;
    DB_TIMESTAMP *ts_p;
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;

    if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ)
      {
        ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (src_date);
        if (db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (&ts_tz_p->timestamp, &ts_tz_p->tz_id, &db_date, &db_time) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
      }
    else
      {
        ts_p = db_get_timestamp (src_date);
        (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (ts_p, &db_date, &db_time);
      }

    db_date_decode (&db_date, month, day, year);
    db_time_decode (&db_time, hour, minute, second);

    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    default:
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  return ER_FAILED;
}

/* TODO : refactor with db_get_datetime_from_dbvalue
 * db_get_time_from_dbvalue () - splits a generic DB_VALUE to
 *               hour, minute, second , millisecond
 * Arguments:
 *         src_date(in) : db_value to split
 *         hour(out)    : hour
 *         minute(out)  : minute
 *         second(out)  : second
 *         millisecond(out) : millisecond
 * Returns: int
 *
 * Note: Callers should not use the global error mechanism.
 *       This function returns ER_FAILED without setting the global error info
 *   For arguments of type having timezone, the returned values are in
 *   the local timezone (session or timezone of value).
 */
int
db_get_time_from_dbvalue (const DB_VALUE * src_date, int *hour, int *minute, int *second, int *millisecond)
{
  DB_TYPE arg_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;

  *millisecond = 0;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_date))
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  arg_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_date);
  switch (arg_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      {
    /* set all to 0 because we don't have any time information */
    *hour = 0;
    *minute = 0;
    *second = 0;
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_STRING:
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
      {
    DB_TIME db_time;
    int str_len;
    const char *strp;

    strp = db_get_string (src_date);
    str_len = db_get_string_size (src_date);
    if (db_date_parse_time (strp, str_len, &db_time, millisecond) != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return ER_FAILED;
      }

    db_time_decode (&db_time, hour, minute, second);
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    int month = 0, day = 0, year = 0;
    DB_DATETIME *dt_p;
    DB_DATETIME dt_local;
    DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;

    if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ)
      {
        dt_p = db_get_datetime (src_date);
        if (tz_datetimeltz_to_local (dt_p, &dt_local) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
        dt_p = &dt_local;
      }
    else if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ)
      {
        dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (src_date);
        if (tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz_p->datetime, &dt_tz_p->tz_id, &dt_local) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
        dt_p = &dt_local;
      }
    else
      {
        dt_p = db_get_datetime (src_date);
      }

    return db_datetime_decode (dt_p, &month, &day, &year, hour, minute, second, millisecond);
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      {
    DB_TIME *time_p;

    time_p = db_get_time (src_date);

    db_time_decode (time_p, hour, minute, second);
    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_DATE db_date = 0;
    DB_TIME db_time = 0;
    DB_TIMESTAMP *ts_p;
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;

    if (arg_type == DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ)
      {
        ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (src_date);
        if (db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (&ts_tz_p->timestamp, &ts_tz_p->tz_id, &db_date, &db_time) != NO_ERROR)
          {
        er_clear ();
        return ER_FAILED;
          }
      }
    else
      {
        ts_p = db_get_timestamp (src_date);
        (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (ts_p, &db_date, &db_time);
      }

    db_time_decode (&db_time, hour, minute, second);

    return NO_ERROR;
      }

    default:
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  return ER_FAILED;
}

#if defined(ENABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
/*
 * db_null_terminate_string () - create a null terminated c string from a
 *               DB_VALUE of type DB_TYPE_CHAR
 *    return        : NO_ERROR or error code
 *    src_value(in) : DB_VALUE containing the string
 *    strp(out)     : pointer for output
 *
 * Note: the strp argument should not be allocated before calling this
 *   function and should be freed by the code calling this function
 */
int
db_null_terminate_string (const DB_VALUE * src_value, char **strp)
{
  int src_size = 0;
  DB_TYPE src_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;

  if (src_value == NULL)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  src_size = db_get_string_size (src_value);
  src_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_value);

  if (src_type != DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  *strp = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, (size_t) src_size + 1);
  if (*strp == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }

  memcpy (*strp, db_get_string (src_value), src_size);
  (*strp)[src_size] = '\0';

  return NO_ERROR;
}
#endif

/*
 * db_get_next_like_pattern_character () - Iterates through a LIKE pattern
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * pattern(in): the pattern that will be iterated upon
 * length(in): the length of the pattern (bytes)
 * codeset(in): codeset oof pattern string
 * has_escape_char(in): whether the LIKE pattern can use an escape character
 * escape_str(in): if has_escape_char is true this is the escaping character
 *                 used in the pattern, otherwise the parameter has no
 *                 meaning and should have the value NULL
 * position(in/out): pointer to the pattern position counter. The initial
 *                   value of the counter should be 0, meaning no characters
 *                   have yet been iterated. When (*position == length) the
 *                   iteration has come to an end. While iterating the pattern
 *                   the position value should not be changed by the callers
 *                   of this function.
 * crt_char_p(out): when the function returns this is the current character in
 *                  the pattern
 * is_escaped(out): whether the current character pointed to by "character"
 *                  is escaped in the pattern
 */
static int
db_get_next_like_pattern_character (const char *const pattern, const int length, const INTL_CODESET codeset,
                    const bool has_escape_char, const char *escape_str, int *const position,
                    char **crt_char_p, bool * const is_escaped)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  int char_size = 1;

  if (pattern == NULL || length < 0 || position == NULL || crt_char_p == NULL || is_escaped == NULL || *position < 0
      || *position >= length)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  assert (has_escape_char ^ (escape_str == NULL));

  *crt_char_p = NULL;
  *is_escaped = false;

  if (has_escape_char
      && intl_cmp_char ((unsigned char *) &(pattern[*position]), (unsigned char *) escape_str, codeset,
            &char_size) == 0)
    {
      *position += char_size;
      if (*position >= length)
    {
      /* To keep MySQL compatibility, when the last character is escape char, do not return error. */
      *crt_char_p = (char *) (&(pattern[*position - char_size]));
      return error_code;
    }
      *is_escaped = true;
    }

  *crt_char_p = (char *) (&(pattern[*position]));
  intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) *crt_char_p, 1, codeset, &char_size);
  *position += char_size;

  return error_code;

error_exit:
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization () -
 *
 * return: whether a character can be the last one in the string for LIKE
 *         index optimization. See db_get_info_for_like_optimization for
 *         details.
 *
 * chr(in) : the character to consider
 * is_escaped(in) : whether the character is escaped in the LIKE pattern
 */
static bool
is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization (const char *chr, const bool is_escaped, INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  assert (chr != NULL);

  if (!is_escaped && QSTR_IS_LIKE_WILDCARD_CHAR (*chr))
    {
      return false;
    }

  if (intl_is_max_bound_chr (codeset, (const unsigned char *) chr)
      || intl_is_min_bound_chr (codeset, (const unsigned char *) chr))
    {
      return false;
    }
  return true;
}

/*
 * db_get_info_for_like_optimization () - Gathers the information required for
 *                                        performing the LIKE index
 *                                        optimization
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * pattern(in): the LIKE pattern
 * has_escape_char(in): whether the LIKE pattern can use an escape character
 * escape_str(in): if has_escape_char is true this is the escaping character
 *                 used in the pattern, otherwise the parameter has no
 *                 meaning and should have the value NULL
 * num_logical_chars(out): the number of logical characters in the pattern.
 *                         This is equal to the pattern length minus the
 *                         escaping characters.
 * last_safe_logical_pos(out): the last character that can be used for the
 *                             string in the predicate rewrite or a negative
 *                             value if that particular rewrite cannot be
 *                             performed
 * num_match_many(out): the number of LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY logical
 *                      characters (not escaped '%' characters)
 * num_match_one(out): the number of LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE logical
 *                     characters (not escaped '_' characters)
 *
 * Note: db_compress_like_pattern should be applied on the pattern before
 *       calling this function.
 *
 * Note: This function can be used for rewriting a LIKE predicate in order to
 *       maximize the chance of using an index scan. The possible rewrites for
 *       "expr LIKE pattern [ESCAPE escape]" are the following:
 *
 * 1)
 * if the pattern is '%' we match any non-null value; we can rewrite to:
 *      expr IS NOT NULL
 *
 * 2)
 * if the pattern has no wildcards (num_match_many == 0 && num_match_one == 0)
 * and there are no comparison issues caused by trailing pattern whitespace,
 * we can rewrite to a simple equality predicate:
 *      expr = remove_escaping (pattern [, escape])
 *
 * 3.1)
 * in most other cases we can rewrite to:
 *      expr >= like_lower_bound ( like_prefix (pattern [, escape]) ) &&
 *      expr <  like_upper_bound ( like_prefix (pattern [, escape]) ) &&
 *      expr LIKE pattern [ESCAPE escape]
 * The first two predicates provide early filtering of possible matches and
 * can be optimized through index scans. The last predicate provides an extra
 * filter to ensure that the expression actually matches the original pattern.
 *
 * This rewrite is only possible if there exist strings S_lower and S_upper
 * such that all LIKE matches are "BETWEEN S_lower GE_LT S_upper". We can
 * compute these strings (see db_get_like_optimization_bounds) based on the
 * longest prefix that does not contain a '%' character. The prefix itself can
 * generally serve as S_lower while the prefix with the last character
 * incremented by one can serve as S_upper. However, this imposes some
 * restrictions on the last character in the prefix: it must have a succesor
 * (it must not be the character 255), it must not cause issues during index
 * scans (the space character might cause such issues because of its collation
 * properties for VARCHAR). The special '_' wildcard can become the smallest
 * possible character of the collation in S_lower (a space character) and the
 * highest possible character in S_upper (character 255). Because of these
 * properties, the '_' wildcard cannot be the last character in the prefix.
 * Also see the is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization function that codes
 * this logic used to compute the last_safe_logical_pos parameter value.
 *
 * 3.2)
 * If (pattern == like_prefix (pattern) + '%') and if the pattern does not
 * contain additional wildcards ('_') then we can exclude the LIKE predicate
 * and rewrite to:
 *      expr >= like_lower_bound ( like_prefix (pattern [, escape]) ) &&
 *      expr <  like_upper_bound ( like_prefix (pattern [, escape]) )
 *
 * 3.3)
 * If the rewrite 3.1 cannot be performed we can still use an index scan if
 * like_lower_bound would returns negative infinity and like_upper_bound
 * returns positive infinity, leading to:
 *      expr >= -infinity &&
 *      expr <  +infinity &&
 *      expr LIKE pattern [ESCAPE escape]
 * See db_get_like_optimization_bounds for details.
 *
 * Rewrite 3.1 (combined with the special case 3.3) is the most general,
 * covering all the possible combinations, although it might result in slower
 * execution than the alternatives.
 */
int
db_get_info_for_like_optimization (const DB_VALUE * const pattern, const bool has_escape_char,
                   const char *escape_str, int *const num_logical_chars,
                   int *const last_safe_logical_pos, int *const num_match_many,
                   int *const num_match_one)
{
  int i = 0;
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  const char *pattern_str = NULL;
  int pattern_size = 0;

  if (pattern == NULL || num_logical_chars == NULL || last_safe_logical_pos == NULL || num_match_many == NULL
      || num_match_one == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  assert (has_escape_char ^ (escape_str == NULL));

  if (DB_IS_NULL (pattern) || !QSTR_IS_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (pattern)))
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  *num_logical_chars = 0;
  *last_safe_logical_pos = -22;
  *num_match_many = 0;
  *num_match_one = 0;
  pattern_str = db_get_string (pattern);
  pattern_size = db_get_string_size (pattern);

  for (i = 0; i < pattern_size;)
    {
      char *crt_char_p = NULL;
      bool is_escaped = false;

      error_code =
    db_get_next_like_pattern_character (pattern_str, pattern_size, db_get_string_codeset (pattern),
                        has_escape_char, escape_str, &i, &crt_char_p, &is_escaped);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

      if (!is_escaped)
    {
      if (*crt_char_p == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
        {
          ++(*num_match_many);
        }
      else if (*crt_char_p == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE)
        {
          ++(*num_match_one);
        }
    }

      if (*num_match_many == 0
      && is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization (crt_char_p, is_escaped, db_get_string_codeset (pattern)))
    {
      *last_safe_logical_pos = *num_logical_chars;
    }

      ++(*num_logical_chars);
    }

  return error_code;

error_exit:
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * db_get_like_optimization_bounds () - Computes the bounding limits required
 *                                      for performing the LIKE index
 *                                      optimization
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * pattern(in): the LIKE pattern
 * bound(out): the computed upper or lower bound.
 * has_escape_char(in): whether the LIKE pattern can use an escape character
 * escape_str(in): if has_escape_char is true this is the escaping character
 *                 used in the pattern, otherwise the parameter has no
 *                 meaning and should have the value NULL
 * compute_lower_bound(in): whether to compute the upper or the lower bound
 * last_safe_logical_pos(in): the last character that can be used for the
 *                             string in the predicate rewrite or a negative
 *                             value if that particular rewrite cannot be
 *                             performed.
 *
 * Note: See the comments on db_get_info_for_like_optimization for details
 *       on what this function computes.
 *
 * Note: If last_safe_logical_pos is negative the lower bound of the index
 *       scan is negative infinity (equivalent to the empty string or the
 *       string ' ' for the CHAR/VARCHAR default collation) and the upper
 *       bound is positive infinity (currently approximated by a string of
 *       one character code 255).
 */
int
db_get_like_optimization_bounds (const DB_VALUE * const pattern, DB_VALUE * bound, const bool has_escape_char,
                 const char *escape_str, const bool compute_lower_bound,
                 const int last_safe_logical_pos)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  const char *original = NULL;
  int original_size = 0;
  char *result = NULL;
  int result_length = 0;
  int result_size = 0;
  int i = 0;
  int alloc_size;
  int char_count;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  int collation_id;

  if (pattern == NULL || bound == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  assert (has_escape_char ^ (escape_str == NULL));

  if (DB_IS_NULL (pattern))
    {
      db_make_null (bound);
      goto fast_exit;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (pattern);
  collation_id = db_get_string_collation (pattern);

  if (!QSTR_IS_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (pattern)))
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (last_safe_logical_pos < 0)
    {
      if (compute_lower_bound)
    {
      error_code =
        db_value_domain_min (bound, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (pattern), DB_VALUE_SCALE (pattern),
                 codeset, collation_id, NULL);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error_exit;
        }
    }
      else
    {
      error_code =
        db_value_domain_max (bound, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (pattern), DB_VALUE_SCALE (pattern),
                 codeset, collation_id, NULL);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
        {
          goto error_exit;
        }
    }

      goto fast_exit;
    }

  original = db_get_string (pattern);
  original_size = db_get_string_size (pattern);

  /* assume worst case scenario : all characters in output bound string are stored on the maximum character size */
  intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) original, original_size, codeset, &char_count);
  alloc_size = LOC_MAX_UCA_CHARS_SEQ * char_count * INTL_CODESET_MULT (codeset);
  assert (alloc_size >= original_size);

  result = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, alloc_size + 1);
  if (result == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_code = er_errid ();
      goto error_exit;
    }

  assert (last_safe_logical_pos < char_count);

  for (i = 0, result_length = 0, result_size = 0; result_length <= last_safe_logical_pos;)
    {
      char *crt_char_p = NULL;
      bool is_escaped = false;

      error_code =
    db_get_next_like_pattern_character (original, original_size, codeset, has_escape_char, escape_str, &i,
                        &crt_char_p, &is_escaped);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

      if (result_length == last_safe_logical_pos)
    {
      assert (is_safe_last_char_for_like_optimization (crt_char_p, is_escaped, codeset));
    }

      if (!is_escaped && *crt_char_p == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_ONE)
    {
      assert (result_length < last_safe_logical_pos);
      if (compute_lower_bound)
        {
          result_size += intl_set_min_bound_chr (codeset, result + result_size);
        }
      else
        {
          result_size += intl_set_max_bound_chr (codeset, result + result_size);
        }
      result_length++;
    }
      else
    {
      if (result_length == last_safe_logical_pos && !compute_lower_bound)
        {
          char *next_alpha_char_p = result + result_size;
          int next_len = 0;

          result_size +=
        QSTR_NEXT_ALPHA_CHAR (collation_id, (unsigned char *) crt_char_p,
                      CAST_BUFLEN (original - crt_char_p) + original_size,
                      (unsigned char *) next_alpha_char_p, &next_len);
          result_length += next_len;
        }
      else
        {
          result_size +=
        intl_put_char ((unsigned char *) result + result_size, (unsigned char *) crt_char_p, codeset);
          result_length++;
        }

    }
    }

  assert (result_size <= alloc_size);
  qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, bound, DB_VALUE_PRECISION (pattern), result, result_size, codeset,
              collation_id);
  result[result_size] = 0;
  bound->need_clear = true;

fast_exit:
  return error_code;

error_exit:
  if (result != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result);
    }
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * db_compress_like_pattern () - Optimizes a LIKE pattern for faster execution
 *                               and easier processing.
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * pattern(in): the LIKE pattern to be compressed
 * compressed_pattern(out): the optimized pattern (should be cleared before
 *                          being passed to this function)
 * has_escape_char(in): whether the LIKE pattern can use an escape character
 * escape_str(in): if has_escape_char is true this is the escaping character
 *                 used in the pattern, otherwise the parameter has no
 *                 meaning and should have the value NULL
 *
 * Note: This function removes all the unnecessary escape characters in
 *       order to ease subsequent processing of the pattern. Currently there
 *       are no such unnecessary escape sequences, but there might be in the
 *       future if supporting MySQL semantics. See the comments in
 *       db_get_next_like_pattern_character.
 */
/* TODO This function could perform an extra optimization. The pattern
 *      'a%___%b' can be compressed to either 'a___%b' or 'a%___b'. The first
 *      form is prefferable as it should execute faster than the second.
 *      Also, if 'a%___b' is initially present, it can be changed to 'a___%b'.
 */
int
db_compress_like_pattern (const DB_VALUE * const pattern, DB_VALUE * compressed_pattern, const bool has_escape_char,
              const char *escape_str)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  const char *original = NULL;
  int original_size = 0;
  char *result = NULL;
  int result_length = 0;
  int result_size = 0;
  int i = 0;
  int alloc_size;
  bool in_percent_sequence = false;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;

  if (pattern == NULL || compressed_pattern == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  assert (has_escape_char ^ (escape_str == NULL));

  if (DB_IS_NULL (pattern))
    {
      db_make_null (compressed_pattern);
      goto fast_exit;
    }

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (pattern)))
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (pattern);
  original = db_get_string (pattern);
  original_size = db_get_string_size (pattern);

  if (has_escape_char)
    {
      int char_count;

      intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) original, original_size, codeset, &char_count);
      /* assume worst case : each character in the compressed pattern is precedeed by the escape char */
      alloc_size = original_size + char_count * strlen (escape_str);
    }
  else
    {
      alloc_size = original_size;
    }

  result = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, alloc_size + 1);
  if (result == NULL)
    {
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_code = er_errid ();
      goto error_exit;
    }

  for (i = 0, result_length = 0, result_size = 0, in_percent_sequence = false; i < original_size;)
    {
      char *crt_char_p = NULL;
      bool keep_crt_char = false;
      bool needs_escape = false;
      bool is_escaped = false;

      error_code =
    db_get_next_like_pattern_character (original, original_size, codeset, has_escape_char, escape_str, &i,
                        &crt_char_p, &is_escaped);
      if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

      if (is_escaped)
    {
      needs_escape = true;
    }

      assert (crt_char_p != NULL);

      if (!is_escaped && *crt_char_p == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY && in_percent_sequence)
    {
      keep_crt_char = false;
    }
      else
    {
      keep_crt_char = true;
    }

      if (keep_crt_char)
    {
      if (needs_escape)
        {
          assert (has_escape_char);
          result_size +=
        intl_put_char ((unsigned char *) result + result_size, (unsigned char *) escape_str, codeset);
          result_length++;
        }
      result_size += intl_put_char ((unsigned char *) result + result_size, (unsigned char *) crt_char_p, codeset);
      result_length++;
    }

      if (!is_escaped && *crt_char_p == LIKE_WILDCARD_MATCH_MANY)
    {
      in_percent_sequence = true;
    }
      else
    {
      in_percent_sequence = false;
    }
    }

  assert (result_length <= alloc_size);
  result[result_size] = 0;
  db_make_varchar (compressed_pattern, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, result, result_size, codeset,
           db_get_string_collation (pattern));
  compressed_pattern->need_clear = true;

fast_exit:
  return error_code;

error_exit:
  if (result != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free_and_init (NULL, result);
    }
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * db_like_bound () - Computes the bounding limits required for performing the
 *                    LIKE index optimization
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * src_pattern(in): the LIKE pattern
 * src_escape(in): the escape character or NULL if there is no escaping
 * result_bound(out): the computed upper or lower bound.
 * compute_lower_bound(in): whether to compute the upper or the lower bound
 *
 * Note: See the comments on db_get_info_for_like_optimization for details
 *       on what this function computes.
 */
int
db_like_bound (const DB_VALUE * const src_pattern, const DB_VALUE * const src_escape, DB_VALUE * const result_bound,
           const bool compute_lower_bound)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  bool has_escape_char = false;
  DB_VALUE compressed_pattern;
  int num_logical_chars = 0;
  int last_safe_logical_pos = 0;
  int num_match_many = 0;
  int num_match_one = 0;
  const char *escape_str = NULL;

  db_make_null (&compressed_pattern);

  if (src_pattern == NULL || result_bound == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_pattern))
    {
      db_make_null (result_bound);
      goto fast_exit;
    }

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_pattern)))
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error_exit;
    }

  if (src_escape == NULL)
    {
      has_escape_char = false;
    }
  else
    {
      if (DB_IS_NULL (src_escape))
    {
      /* a LIKE b ESCAPE NULL means use the default escape character '\\' */
      has_escape_char = true;
      escape_str = "\\";
    }
      else
    {
      if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_pattern)))
        {
          error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
          goto error_exit;
        }

      escape_str = db_get_string (src_escape);

      if (db_get_string_length (src_escape) != 1 || escape_str[0] == 0)
        {
          error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_ESCAPE_CHARACTER;
          er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
          goto error_exit;
        }

      has_escape_char = true;
    }
    }

  error_code = db_compress_like_pattern (src_pattern, &compressed_pattern, has_escape_char, escape_str);
  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

  error_code =
    db_get_info_for_like_optimization (&compressed_pattern, has_escape_char, escape_str, &num_logical_chars,
                       &last_safe_logical_pos, &num_match_many, &num_match_one);
  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

  error_code =
    db_get_like_optimization_bounds (&compressed_pattern, result_bound, has_escape_char, escape_str,
                     compute_lower_bound, last_safe_logical_pos);
  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error_exit;
    }

fast_exit:
  pr_clear_value (&compressed_pattern);
  return error_code;

error_exit:
  pr_clear_value (&compressed_pattern);
  return error_code;
}


/*
 * db_check_or_create_null_term_string () - checks if the buffer associated to
 *            string DB_VALUE is null terminated; if it is returns it
 *                    LIKE index optimization
 *
 * returns: NO_ERROR or error code
 *
 * str_val(in): source string DB_VALUE
 * pre_alloc_buf(in): preallocated buffer to store null terminated string
 * pre_alloc_buf_size(in): size of preallocated buffer
 * ignore_prec_spaces(in): true if it should ignore preceding spaces
 *             (used only when new buffer needs to be allocated)
 * ignore_trail_spaces(in): true if it should ignore trailing spaces
 *             (used only when new buffer needs to be allocated)
 * str_out(out): pointer to null terminated string
 * do_alloc(out): set to true if new buffer was allocated
 *
 */
static int
db_check_or_create_null_term_string (const DB_VALUE * str_val, char *pre_alloc_buf, int pre_alloc_buf_size,
                     bool ignore_prec_spaces, bool ignore_trail_spaces, char **str_out, bool * do_alloc)
{
  const char *val_buf;
  char *new_buf;
  const char *val_buf_end = NULL, *val_buf_end_non_space = NULL;
  int val_size;

  assert (pre_alloc_buf != NULL);
  assert (pre_alloc_buf_size > 1);
  assert (str_out != NULL);
  assert (do_alloc != NULL);
  assert (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (str_val)));

  *do_alloc = false;

  val_buf = db_get_string (str_val);
  if (val_buf == NULL)
    {
      *str_out = NULL;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  val_size = db_get_string_size (str_val);

  /* size < 0 assumes a null terminated string */
  if (val_size < 0)
    {
      val_size = strlen (val_buf);
    }

  if (val_size < pre_alloc_buf_size)
    {
      /* use the preallocated buffer supplied to copy the content */
      strncpy (pre_alloc_buf, val_buf, val_size);
      pre_alloc_buf[val_size] = '\0';
      *str_out = pre_alloc_buf;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* trim preceding and trailing spaces */
  val_buf_end = val_buf + val_size;
  if (ignore_prec_spaces)
    {
      while (val_buf < val_buf_end && char_isspace2 (*val_buf))
    {
      val_buf++;
    }
      val_size = CAST_BUFLEN (val_buf_end - val_buf);
      assert (val_size >= 0);
    }

  if (ignore_trail_spaces && val_size > 0)
    {
      val_buf_end_non_space = val_buf + val_size - 1;

      while (val_buf < val_buf_end_non_space && char_isspace2 (*val_buf_end_non_space))
    {
      val_buf_end_non_space--;
    }
      val_size = CAST_BUFLEN (val_buf_end_non_space - val_buf) + 1;
      assert (val_size >= 0);
    }

  if (val_size < pre_alloc_buf_size)
    {
      assert (ignore_prec_spaces || ignore_trail_spaces);

      /* use the preallocated buffer supplied to copy the content */
      strncpy (pre_alloc_buf, val_buf, val_size);
      pre_alloc_buf[val_size] = '\0';
      *str_out = pre_alloc_buf;
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  new_buf = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, val_size + 1);
  if (new_buf == NULL)
    {
      return ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
    }
  strncpy (new_buf, val_buf, val_size);
  new_buf[val_size] = '\0';
  *str_out = new_buf;
  *do_alloc = true;

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * get_string_date_token_id() - get the id of date token identifier
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   token_type(in): string-to-date token type
 *   intl_lang_id(in):
 *   cs(in): input string to search for token (considered NULL terminated)
 *   token_id(out): id of token (if non-zero) or zero if not found;
 *          range begins from 1 :days 1 - 7, months 1 - 12
 *   token_size(out): size in bytes ocupied by token in input string 'cs'
 */
static int
get_string_date_token_id (const STRING_DATE_TOKEN token_type, const INTL_LANG intl_lang_id, const char *cs,
              const INTL_CODESET codeset, int *token_id, int *token_size)
{
  const char **p;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int search_size;
  const char *parse_order;
  int i;
  int cs_size;
  int skipped_leading_chars = 0;
  const LANG_LOCALE_DATA *lld = lang_get_specific_locale (intl_lang_id, codeset);

  assert (cs != NULL);
  assert (token_id != NULL);
  assert (token_size != NULL);

  if (lld == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (intl_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

#if 0
  /* special case : korean short month name is read as digit */
  if (intl_lang_id == INTL_LANG_KOREAN && codeset == INTL_CODESET_ISO88591 && token_type == SDT_MONTH_SHORT)
    {
      i = parse_digits ((char *) cs, token_id, 2);
      if (i <= 0)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      if (*token_id < 1 || *token_id > 12)
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_MISMATCHING_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      *token_size = i;

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
#endif

  switch (token_type)
    {
    case SDT_DAY:
      p = (const char **) lld->day_name;
      parse_order = lld->day_parse_order;
      search_size = 7;
      break;
    case SDT_DAY_SHORT:
      p = (const char **) lld->day_short_name;
      parse_order = lld->day_short_parse_order;
      search_size = 7;
      break;
    case SDT_MONTH:
      p = (const char **) lld->month_name;
      parse_order = lld->month_parse_order;
      search_size = 12;
      break;
    case SDT_MONTH_SHORT:
      p = (const char **) lld->month_short_name;
      parse_order = lld->month_short_parse_order;
      search_size = 12;
      break;
    case SDT_AM_PM:
      p = (const char **) lld->am_pm;
      parse_order = lld->am_pm_parse_order;
      search_size = 12;
      break;
    default:
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_GENERIC_ERROR, 0);
      return ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }

  *token_id = 0;

  while (WHITESPACE (*cs))
    {
      cs++;
      skipped_leading_chars++;
    }

  cs_size = strlen (cs);

  for (i = 0; i < search_size; i++)
    {
      int cmp = 0;
      int token_index = parse_order[i];
      cmp =
    intl_case_match_tok (intl_lang_id, codeset, (unsigned char *) p[token_index], (unsigned char *) cs,
                 strlen (p[token_index]), cs_size, token_size);

      assert (*token_size <= cs_size);

      if (cmp == 0)
    {
      *token_id = token_index + 1;
      *token_size += skipped_leading_chars;
      break;
    }
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * print_string_date_token() - prints a date token to a buffer
 *   return: NO_ERROR or error code
 *   token_type(in): string-to-date token type
 *   intl_lang_id(in): locale identifier
 *   codeset(in): codeset to use for string to print; paired with intl_lang_id
 *   token_id(in): id of token (zero-based index)
 *         for days: 0 - 6, months: 0 - 11
 *   case_mode(in): casing for printing token:
 *          0 : unchanged; 1 - force lowercase; 2 - force uppercase
 *   buffer(in/out) : buffer to print to
 *   token_size(out): size in bytes of token printed
 */
static int
print_string_date_token (const STRING_DATE_TOKEN token_type, const INTL_LANG intl_lang_id,
             const INTL_CODESET codeset, int token_id, int case_mode, char *buffer, int *token_size)
{
  const char *p;
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  int token_len;
  int token_bytes;
  int print_len = -1;
  const LANG_LOCALE_DATA *lld = lang_get_specific_locale (intl_lang_id, codeset);

  assert (buffer != NULL);
  assert (token_id >= 0);
  assert (token_size != NULL);

  if (lld == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_LANG_CODESET_NOT_AVAILABLE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 2, lang_get_lang_name_from_id (intl_lang_id),
          lang_charset_name (codeset));
      return error_status;
    }

  switch (token_type)
    {
    case SDT_DAY:
      assert (token_id < 7);
      p = lld->day_name[token_id];

      /* day names for all language use at most 9 chars */
      print_len = 9;
      break;

    case SDT_DAY_SHORT:
      assert (token_id < 7);
      p = lld->day_short_name[token_id];

      switch (intl_lang_id)
    {
    case INTL_LANG_ENGLISH:
      print_len = 3;
      break;
    case INTL_LANG_TURKISH:
      print_len = 2;
      break;
    default:
      print_len = -1;
      break;
    }
      break;

    case SDT_MONTH:
      assert (token_id < 12);
      p = lld->month_name[token_id];

      switch (intl_lang_id)
    {
    case INTL_LANG_ENGLISH:
      print_len = 9;
      break;
    case INTL_LANG_TURKISH:
      print_len = 7;
      break;
    default:
      print_len = -1;
      break;
    }

      break;

    case SDT_MONTH_SHORT:
      assert (token_id < 12);
      p = lld->month_short_name[token_id];

      /* all short names for months have 3 chars */
      print_len = 3;
      break;

    case SDT_AM_PM:
      assert (token_id < 12);
      p = lld->am_pm[token_id];

      /* AM/PM tokens are printed without padding */
      print_len = -1;
      break;

    default:
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_GENERIC_ERROR, 0);
      return ER_GENERIC_ERROR;
    }

#if 0
  if (codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC && intl_lang_id == INTL_LANG_KOREAN)
    {
      /* korean names dot not use compatible codeset, we use specific code to print them */
      switch (token_type)
    {
    case SDT_DAY:
      sprintf (buffer, "%-6s", p);
      *token_size = 6;
      break;
    case SDT_MONTH:
      sprintf (buffer, "%-4s", p);
      *token_size = 4;
      break;
    case SDT_DAY_SHORT:
      memcpy (buffer, p, 2);
      *token_size = 2;
      break;
    case SDT_MONTH_SHORT:
      sprintf (buffer, "%d", token_id + 1);
      *token_size = (token_id < 10) ? 1 : 2;
      break;
    case SDT_AM_PM:
      sprintf (buffer, "%s", p);
      *token_size = strlen (p);
      break;
    }

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
#endif

  /* determine length of token */
  token_bytes = strlen (p);
  intl_char_count ((unsigned char *) p, token_bytes, codeset, &token_len);

  if (case_mode == 2)
    {
      /* uppercase */
      intl_upper_string (&(lld->alphabet), (unsigned char *) p, (unsigned char *) buffer, token_len);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) buffer, token_len, codeset, token_size);
    }
  else if (case_mode == 1)
    {
      /* lowercase */
      intl_lower_string (&(lld->alphabet), (unsigned char *) p, (unsigned char *) buffer, token_len);
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) buffer, token_len, codeset, token_size);
    }
  else
    {
      intl_char_size ((unsigned char *) p, token_len, codeset, token_size);
      memcpy (buffer, p, *token_size);
    }

  /* padding */
  if (token_len < print_len)
    {
      (void) qstr_pad_string ((unsigned char *) buffer + *token_size, print_len - token_len, codeset);
      *token_size += intl_pad_size (codeset) * (print_len - token_len);
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}

/*
 * convert_locale_number() - transforms a string containing a number in a
 *               locale representation into another locale
 *   return: void
 *   sz(in/out): string to be transformed
 *   src_locale(in):
 *   dst_locale(in):
 *
 */
static void
convert_locale_number (char *sz, const int size, const INTL_LANG src_locale, const INTL_LANG dst_locale)
{
  const char src_locale_group = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (src_locale);
  const char src_locale_frac = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (src_locale);

  const char dst_locale_group = lang_digit_grouping_symbol (dst_locale);
  const char dst_locale_frac = lang_digit_fractional_symbol (dst_locale);
  char *sz_end = sz + size;

  assert (src_locale != dst_locale);

  if (src_locale_group == dst_locale_group)
    {
      assert (src_locale_frac == dst_locale_frac);
      return;
    }

  assert (dst_locale_frac != dst_locale_group);

  for (; sz < sz_end && *sz != '\0'; sz++)
    {
      if (*sz == src_locale_group)
    {
      *sz = dst_locale_group;
    }
      else if (*sz == src_locale_frac)
    {
      *sz = dst_locale_frac;
    }
    }
}


/*
 * db_hex() - return hexadecimal representation
 *  returns: error code or NO_ERROR
 *   param(in): parameter to turn to hex
 *   result(out): varchar db_value with hex representation
 *
 * Note:
 *  If param is a generic string, the hex representation will be the
 *  concatenation of hex values of each byte.
 *  If param is a generic numeric, the hex representation will be that of
 *  param casted to bigint (64bit unsigned integer). if value exceeds UINT64
 *  capacity, the return value is 'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'.
 */
int
db_hex (const DB_VALUE * param, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  /* String length limits for numeric values of param. When param is numeric, it will be cast to BIGINT db type and
   * then internally to UINT64. hex_lenght_limits[i] is the upper limit of the closed set of integers that can be
   * represented in hex on i digits. */
  const UINT64 hex_length_limits[UINT64_MAX_HEX_DIGITS + 1] = {
    0x0, 0xF, 0xFF, 0xFFF, 0xFFFF,
    0xFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFF,
    0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFF,
    0xFFFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFF,
    0xFFFFFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
  };

  /* hex digits */
  const char hex_digit[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";

  /* other variables */
  DB_TYPE param_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  const char *str = NULL;
  char *hexval = NULL;
  int str_size = 0, hexval_len = 0, i = 0, error_code = NO_ERROR;
  DB_VALUE tval, *ptval = NULL;

  /* check parameters for NULL values */
  if (param == NULL || result == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (param))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* compute hex representation */
  param_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (param);

coerce_pos:
  if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (param_type) || TP_IS_BIT_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      /* retrieve source string */
      str = db_get_string (param);
      str_size = db_get_string_size (param);

      /* remove padding from end of string */
      if (param_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
        {
          unsigned char pad_char[2];
          int pad_char_size;
          intl_pad_char (db_get_string_codeset (param), pad_char, &pad_char_size);

          while (str_size >= pad_char_size
             && memcmp (&(str[str_size - pad_char_size]), pad_char, pad_char_size) == 0)
        {
          str_size -= pad_char_size;
        }
        }
    }
      else
    {
      /* get bytes of bitfield */
      str = db_get_bit (param, &str_size);
      str_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (str_size);
    }

      /* allocate hex string */
      hexval_len = str_size * 2;
      hexval = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, hexval_len + 1);
      if (hexval == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }
      hexval[hexval_len] = 0;

      /* compute hex representation */
      for (i = 0; i < str_size; i++)
    {
      hexval[i * 2] = hex_digit[(str[i] >> 4) & 0xF];
      hexval[i * 2 + 1] = hex_digit[str[i] & 0xF];
    }

      /* set return string */
      db_make_string (result, hexval);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
  else if (TP_IS_NUMERIC_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      DB_VALUE param_db_bigint;
      TP_DOMAIN *domain, *param_domain;
      UINT64 param_bigint;

      /* try to convert to bigint */
      param_domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (param_type);
      domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (DB_TYPE_BIGINT);
      /* don't mind error code here, we need to know if param is out of range */
      (void) tp_value_auto_cast (param, &param_db_bigint, domain);
      if (DB_IS_NULL (&param_db_bigint))
    {
      /* param is out of range, set it to max */
      param_bigint = hex_length_limits[UINT64_MAX_HEX_DIGITS];
    }
      else
    {
      param_bigint = (UINT64) db_get_bigint (&param_db_bigint);
    }

      /* compute hex representation length */
      hexval_len = 1;
      while (param_bigint > hex_length_limits[hexval_len] && hexval_len < UINT64_MAX_HEX_DIGITS)
    {
      hexval_len++;
    }

      /* allocate memory */
      hexval = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, hexval_len + 1);
      if (hexval == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }
      hexval[hexval_len] = 0;

      /* compute hex representation */
      for (i = hexval_len - 1; i >= 0; --i)
    {
      hexval[i] = hex_digit[param_bigint & 0xF];
      param_bigint >>= 4;
    }

      /* set return string */
      db_make_string (result, hexval);
      result->need_clear = true;
    }
  else
    {
      db_make_null (&tval);
      ptval = &tval;
      if (tp_value_cast (param, &tval, &tp_Char_domain, false) != DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

      param = &tval;
      param_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (param);
      assert (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (param_type));
      goto coerce_pos;
    }

  if (ptval)
    {
      db_value_clear (ptval);
    }

  /* all ok */
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  if (ptval)
    {
      db_value_clear (ptval);
    }

  if (result)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
    }
  return error_code;
}

#if !defined (CS_MODE)
/*
 * db_guid() - Generate a type 4 (randomly generated) UUID.
 *   return: error code or NO_ERROR
 *   thread_p(in): thread context
 *   result(out): HEX encoded UUID string
 * Note:
 */
int
db_guid (THREAD_ENTRY * thread_p, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int i = 0, error_code = NO_ERROR;
  const char hex_digit[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
  char guid_bytes[GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH];
  char *guid_hex = NULL;

  if (result == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
      goto error;
    }

  db_make_null (result);

  /* Generate random bytes */
  error_code = crypt_generate_random_bytes (guid_bytes, GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH);

  if (error_code != NO_ERROR)
    {
      goto error;
    }

  /* Clear UUID version field */
  guid_bytes[6] &= 0x0F;
  /* Set UUID version according to UUID version 4 protocol */
  guid_bytes[6] |= 0x40;

  /* Clear variant field */
  guid_bytes[8] &= 0x3f;
  /* Set variant according to UUID version 4 protocol */
  guid_bytes[8] |= 0x80;

  guid_hex = (char *) db_private_alloc (thread_p, GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH * 2 + 1);
  if (guid_hex == NULL)
    {
      error_code = er_errid ();
      goto error;
    }

  guid_hex[GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH * 2] = '\0';

  /* Encode the bytes to HEX */
  for (i = 0; i < GUID_STANDARD_BYTES_LENGTH; i++)
    {
      guid_hex[i * 2] = hex_digit[(guid_bytes[i] >> 4) & 0xF];
      guid_hex[i * 2 + 1] = hex_digit[(guid_bytes[i] & 0xF)];
    }

  db_make_string (result, guid_hex);
  result->need_clear = true;

  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      error_code = NO_ERROR;
    }

  return error_code;
}
#endif /* !defined (CS_MODE) */

/*
 * db_ascii() - return ASCII code of first character in string
 *  returns: error code or NO_ERROR
 *   param(in): string
 *   result(out): smallint db_value of ASCII code
 *
 * Note:
 *  If param is a zero-length string, result should be zero.
 *  If param is DB null, result should be DB null
 */
int
db_ascii (const DB_VALUE * param, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  /* other variables */
  DB_TYPE param_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  const char *str = NULL;
  int str_size = 0, error_code = NO_ERROR;

  /* check parameters for NULL values */
  if (param == NULL || result == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (param))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* get ASCII value */
  param_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (param);

  if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      /* get string and length */
      str = db_get_string (param);
      str_size = db_get_string_size (param);

      /* remove padding from end of string */
      if (param_type == DB_TYPE_CHAR)
    {
      unsigned char pad_char[2];
      int pad_char_size;
      intl_pad_char (db_get_string_codeset (param), pad_char, &pad_char_size);

      while (str_size >= pad_char_size && memcmp (&(str[str_size - pad_char_size]), pad_char, pad_char_size) == 0)
        {
          str_size -= pad_char_size;
        }
    }

      /* return first character */
      if (str_size > 0)
    {
      db_make_short (result, (unsigned char) str[0]);
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_short (result, 0);
    }
    }
  else if (TP_IS_BIT_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      /* get bitfield as char array */
      str = db_get_bit (param, &str_size);

      /* return first byte */
      if (str_size > 0)
    {
      db_make_short (result, (unsigned char) str[0]);
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_short (result, 0);
    }
    }
  else if (TP_IS_NUMERIC_TYPE (param_type) || TP_IS_DATE_OR_TIME_TYPE (param_type))
    {
      DB_VALUE new_value;
      const TP_DOMAIN *new_domain = tp_domain_resolve_default (DB_TYPE_CHAR);
      db_make_null (&new_value);
      TP_DOMAIN_STATUS status = tp_value_auto_cast (param, &new_value, new_domain);
      if (status != DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

      str_size = db_get_string_size (&new_value);
      if (str_size > 0)
    {
      str = db_get_string (&new_value);
      db_make_short (result, (unsigned char) str[0]);
    }
      else
    {
      db_make_short (result, 0);
    }

      db_value_clear (&new_value);
    }
  else
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  /* no error */
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  if (result)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  er_clear ();
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
  return error_code;
}


/*
 * db_conv() - convert number form one base to another
 *  returns: error code or NO_ERROR
 *   num(in): number to convert
 *   from_base(in): base of num
 *   to_base(in): base to convert num to
 *   result(out): string db_value with number in new base
 *
 * Note:
 *  From_base and to_base should satisfy 2 <= abs(base) <= 36
 */
int
db_conv (const DB_VALUE * num, const DB_VALUE * from_base, const DB_VALUE * to_base, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  /* digit value lookup table vars */
  const unsigned char base_digits[] = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

  /* error handling vars */
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;

  /* type checking vars */
  DB_TYPE num_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  DB_TYPE from_base_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  DB_TYPE to_base_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;

  /* sign flags */
  bool num_is_signed = false, res_is_signed = false;
  bool res_has_minus = false;

  /* string representations of input number and result; size of buffer is maximum computable value in base 2 (64
   * digits) + sign (1 digit) + NULL terminator (1 byte) */
  char num_str[UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 2] = { 0 };
  unsigned char res_str[UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 2] = { 0 };
  char *num_p_str = num_str, *res_p_str = NULL;
  char *num_end_ptr = NULL;
  char str_buf[NUMERIC_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
  unsigned char swap = 0;
  int num_size = 0, res_size = 0;

  /* auxiliary variables */
  UINT64 base10 = 0;
  int from_base_int = 0, to_base_int = 0, i = 0;

  /* check parameters for NULL values */
  if (num == NULL || from_base == NULL || to_base == NULL || result == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (num) || DB_IS_NULL (from_base) || DB_IS_NULL (to_base))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* type checking; do not check num_type here, we will do it later on */
  num_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (num);
  from_base_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (from_base);
  to_base_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (to_base);

  if (from_base_type != DB_TYPE_SMALLINT || to_base_type != DB_TYPE_SMALLINT)
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  /* from_base and to_base bounds checking */
  from_base_int = db_get_short (from_base);
  to_base_int = db_get_short (to_base);
  num_is_signed = (from_base_int < 0);
  res_is_signed = (to_base_int < 0);
  from_base_int = ABS (from_base_int);
  to_base_int = ABS (to_base_int);

  if (from_base_int < 2 || from_base_int > 36 || to_base_int < 2 || to_base_int > 36)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  /* compute input number string from either generic NUMERIC or generic STRING types */
  if (TP_IS_NUMERIC_TYPE (num_type))
    {
      /* generic number -> string */
      switch (num_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_SMALLINT:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%d", db_get_short (num));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_INTEGER:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%d", db_get_int (num));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_BIGINT:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%lld", (long long int) db_get_bigint (num));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_NUMERIC:
      num_p_str = numeric_db_value_print (num, str_buf);
      /* set the decimal point to '\0' to bypass end_ptr check, make it looks like we already trucated out the
       * fractional part, as we do to float. */
      for (i = 0; num_p_str[i] != '\0'; ++i)
        {
          if (num_p_str[i] == '.')
        {
          num_p_str[i] = '\0';
          break;
        }
        }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_FLOAT:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%.0f", db_get_float (num));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%.0f", db_get_double (num));
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_MONETARY:
      snprintf (num_p_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS + 1, "%.0f", db_value_get_monetary_amount_as_double (num));
      break;

    default:
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
    }
  else if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (num_type))
    {
      /* copy into a null-terminated string */
      int str_size = db_get_string_size (num);
      INTL_CODESET codeset = db_get_string_codeset (num);
      int prev_char_length = 0;
      char *str_start = NULL, *str_end = NULL;
      char *prev_char = NULL;

      if (str_size >= 0)
    {
      str_size = MIN (str_size, sizeof (num_str) - 1);
      strncpy (num_str, db_get_string (num), str_size);
      str_start = num_str;
      str_end = num_str + str_size;

      /* trim the tailing white spaces */
      do
        {
          prev_char =
        (char *) intl_prev_char ((unsigned char *) str_end, (unsigned char *) str_start, codeset,
                     &prev_char_length);
          assert (prev_char >= str_start);

          if (intl_is_space (prev_char, str_end, codeset, NULL))
        {
          str_size -= prev_char_length;
          assert (str_size >= 0);

          str_end = prev_char;
        }
          else
        {
          break;
        }
        }
      while (str_end > str_start);
    }
      else
    {
      str_size = 0;
    }

      num_str[str_size] = '\0';
      num_p_str = num_str;

      if (!is_str_valid_number (num_p_str, str_end, from_base_int, codeset))
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }
    }
  else if (TP_IS_BIT_TYPE (num_type))
    {
      /* get raw bytes */
      const char *num_bit_str = db_get_bit (num, &num_size);
      num_size = QSTR_NUM_BYTES (num_size);

      /* convert to hex; NOTE: qstr_bin_to_hex returns number of converted bytes, not the size of the hex string; also,
       * we convert at most 64 digits even if we need only 16 in order to let strtoll handle overflow (weird stuff
       * happens there ...) */
      num_size = qstr_bin_to_hex (num_str, UINT64_MAX_BIN_DIGITS, num_bit_str, num_size);
      num_str[num_size * 2] = '\0';

      /* set up variables for hex -> base10 conversion */
      num_p_str = num_str;
      from_base_int = 16;
      num_is_signed = false;
    }
  else
    {
      /* we cannot process the input in any way */
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  /* convert from string to INT64/UINT64 */
  errno = 0;
  if (num_is_signed)
    {
      base10 = (UINT64) strtoll (num_p_str, &num_end_ptr, from_base_int);
    }
  else
    {
      base10 = (UINT64) strtoull (num_p_str, &num_end_ptr, from_base_int);
    }

  if (errno != 0)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_TP_CANT_COERCE_OVERFLOW, 2, pr_type_name (num_type),
          pr_type_name (DB_TYPE_BIGINT));
      error_code = ER_TP_CANT_COERCE_OVERFLOW;
      goto error;
    }
  if (num_end_ptr != NULL && *num_end_ptr != '\0')
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  /* compute signed part of number */
  if (res_is_signed && base10 > DB_BIGINT_MAX)
    {
      /* result should be signed and we DO have a negative INT64; compute complement and remember to add minus sign to
       * string */
      base10 = ~base10;
      ++base10;
      res_has_minus = true;
    }

  /* convert base 10 -> to_base */
  if (base10 == 0)
    {
      /* number is zero? display it as such */
      res_str[res_size++] = '0';
      res_has_minus = false;
    }

  while (base10 > 0)
    {
      /* convert another digit */
      res_str[res_size++] = base_digits[base10 % to_base_int];
      base10 /= to_base_int;
    }

  if (res_has_minus)
    {
      /* add minus sign to number string */
      res_str[res_size++] = '-';
    }

  /* reverse string (duh!) */
  res_str[res_size] = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < res_size / 2; i++)
    {
      swap = res_str[i];
      res_str[i] = res_str[res_size - i - 1];
      res_str[res_size - i - 1] = swap;
    }

  /* return string */
  res_p_str = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, res_size + 1);
  if (res_p_str == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }
  memcpy (res_p_str, res_str, res_size + 1);
  db_make_string (result, res_p_str);
  result->need_clear = true;

  /* all ok */
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  if (result)
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      if (er_errid () != NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_clear ();
    }
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (er_errid () == NO_ERROR)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_code, 0);
    }
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * is_str_valid_number() - check whether the given string is a valid number.
 *
 *   return: true if it's valid, false otherwise
 *   num_p(in): the number in string pointer
 *   str_end(in): end of string (pointer to first character after last
 *                character of string) or NULL if str is null terminated
 *   base(in): from 2 to 36 inclusive
 *
 */
bool
is_str_valid_number (char *num_p, char *str_end, int base, INTL_CODESET codeset)
{
  char digit_max = (char) ('0' + base);
  char lower_char_max = (char) ('a' - 10 + base);
  char upper_char_max = (char) ('A' - 10 + base);
  bool has_decimal_point = false;
  int space_length = 0;

  /* skip leading space */
  while (num_p < str_end)
    {
      if (!intl_is_space (num_p, str_end, codeset, &space_length))
    {
      break;
    }

      num_p += space_length;
      assert (num_p <= str_end);
    }

  /* just space, no digit */
  if (num_p == str_end)
    {
      return false;
    }

  /* check number sign */
  if (*num_p == '-' || *num_p == '+')
    {
      ++num_p;
    }

  /* check base16 prefix '0x' */
  if (base == 16 && *num_p == '0' && (*(num_p + 1) == 'x' || *(num_p + 1) == 'X'))
    {
      num_p += 2;

      /* just space, no digit */
      if (num_p == str_end)
    {
      return false;
    }
    }

  /* check the digits */
  for (; num_p != str_end; ++num_p)
    {
      if (base < 10 && *num_p >= '0' && *num_p < digit_max)
    {
      continue;
    }
      if (base >= 10 && *num_p >= '0' && *num_p <= '9')
    {
      continue;
    }

      if (base > 10 && *num_p >= 'a' && *num_p < lower_char_max)
    {
      continue;
    }
      if (base > 10 && *num_p >= 'A' && *num_p < upper_char_max)
    {
      continue;
    }

      if (*num_p == '.' && !has_decimal_point)
    {
      /* truncate out the fractional part */
      *num_p = '\0';
      has_decimal_point = true;
      continue;
    }

      return false;
    }
  return true;
}

/*
 * init_builtin_calendar_names() - initializes builtin localizations for
 *                 calendar names
 *   return: void
 *   lld(in/out): locale data
 *
 */
void
init_builtin_calendar_names (LANG_LOCALE_DATA * lld)
{
  int i;

  assert (lld != NULL);

  if (lld->codeset == INTL_CODESET_UTF8)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    {
      lld->day_short_name[i] = Short_Day_name_UTF8[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->day_name[i] = Day_name_UTF8[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->month_short_name[i] = Short_Month_name_UTF8[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->month_name[i] = Month_name_UTF8[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->am_pm[i] = Am_Pm_name_UTF8[lld->lang_id][i];
    }
    }
  else if (lld->codeset == INTL_CODESET_KSC5601_EUC)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    {
      lld->day_short_name[i] = Short_Day_name_EUCKR[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->day_name[i] = Day_name_EUCKR[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->month_short_name[i] = Short_Month_name_EUCKR[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->month_name[i] = Month_name_EUCKR[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->am_pm[i] = Am_Pm_name_EUCKR[lld->lang_id][i];
    }
    }
  else
    {
      for (i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    {
      lld->day_short_name[i] = Short_Day_name_ISO[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->day_name[i] = Day_name_ISO[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->month_short_name[i] = Short_Month_name_ISO[lld->lang_id][i];
      lld->month_name[i] = Month_name_ISO[lld->lang_id][i];
    }

      for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      lld->am_pm[i] = Am_Pm_name_ISO[lld->lang_id][i];
    }
    }

  lld->month_parse_order = Month_name_parse_order[lld->lang_id];
  lld->month_short_parse_order = Short_Month_name_parse_order[lld->lang_id];
  lld->day_parse_order = Day_name_parse_order[lld->lang_id];
  lld->day_short_parse_order = Short_Day_name_parse_order[lld->lang_id];
  lld->am_pm_parse_order = AM_PM_parse_order[lld->lang_id];
}

/*
 * db_value_to_enumeration_value () - convert a DB_VALUE to an enumeration
 *                    value ignoring out of range values
 * return : error code or NO_ERROR
 * src (in)     : source value
 * result (in/out)  : enumeration value
 * enum_domain (in) : enumeration domain
 *
 * Note: The result value will hold the index of the enum if src has a
 * corespondent in the enumeration values or 0 otherwise.
 */
int
db_value_to_enumeration_value (const DB_VALUE * src, DB_VALUE * result, const TP_DOMAIN * enum_domain)
{
  TP_DOMAIN_STATUS status = DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE;

  if (src == NULL || result == NULL || enum_domain == NULL)
    {
      assert (false);
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_GENERIC_ERROR, 0);
      return ER_FAILED;
    }

  db_make_null (result);

  status = tp_value_cast (src, result, enum_domain, false);
  if (status != DOMAIN_COMPATIBLE)
    {
      if (status == DOMAIN_ERROR)
    {
      return ER_FAILED;
    }
      db_make_enumeration (result, DB_ENUM_OVERFLOW_VAL, NULL, 0, TP_DOMAIN_CODESET (enum_domain),
               TP_DOMAIN_COLLATION (enum_domain));
      er_clear ();
      /* continue, no error */
    }

  return NO_ERROR;
}


/*
 * db_inet_aton () - convert a string formatted IPv4 address
 *                    to a number formatted IPv4 address
 * Arguments:
 *  string (in)                 : source ip string
 *  result_numbered_ip (in/out) : result number
 *
 * Returns: int
 *  error code or NO_ERROR
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
 *      ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG
 *      ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY
 *
 * Note: the ip "226.000.000.037" is 226.0.0.31, not 226.0.0.37
 *       support "0x3d.037.12.25" format
 */
int
db_inet_aton (DB_VALUE * result_numbered_ip, const DB_VALUE * string)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  DB_BIGINT numbered_ip = (DB_BIGINT) 0;
  const char *ip_string = NULL;
  char *local_ipstring = NULL;
  char *local_ipslice = NULL;
  char *local_pivot = NULL;
  int slice = 0;
  int result = 0;
  const int ipsegmax = 256;
  DB_BIGINT ipbase;
  int slice_count = 0;
  int cnt;
  char *temp_tok;

  if (string == NULL || result_numbered_ip == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (string))
    {
      db_make_null (result_numbered_ip);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  if (!is_char_string (string))
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  /* ip format is controlled internally; use byte size directly */
  ip_string = db_get_char (string);
  cnt = db_get_string_size (string);
  local_ipstring = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, cnt + 1);
  if (local_ipstring == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }
  memcpy (local_ipstring, ip_string, cnt);
  local_ipstring[cnt] = '\0';

  ipbase = (DB_BIGINT) ipsegmax *ipsegmax * ipsegmax;
  for (temp_tok = local_ipstring;; temp_tok = NULL)
    {
      /* use ". \t" to be more tolerable of input format. */
      local_ipslice = strtok_r (temp_tok, ". \t", &local_pivot);
      if (local_ipslice == NULL)
    {
      break;
    }

      if (!is_valid_ip_slice (local_ipslice))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG, 1, ip_string);
      error_code = ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG;
      goto error;
    }

      result = parse_int (&slice, local_ipslice, 0);
      if (result != 0 || slice < 0 || slice >= ipsegmax)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG, 1, ip_string);
      error_code = ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG;
      goto error;
    }
      numbered_ip += slice * ipbase;
      ipbase /= ipsegmax;
      slice_count++;
    }
  if (numbered_ip < 0 || numbered_ip > (DB_BIGINT) ipsegmax * ipsegmax * ipsegmax * ipsegmax || slice_count != 4)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG, 1, ip_string);
      error_code = ER_OPFUNC_INET_ATON_ARG;
      goto error;
    }

  db_private_free (NULL, local_ipstring);
  db_make_bigint (result_numbered_ip, numbered_ip);
  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  if (local_ipstring != NULL)
    {
      db_private_free (NULL, local_ipstring);
    }
  db_make_null (result_numbered_ip);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * db_inet_ntoa () - convert a number formatted IPv4 address
 *                    to a string formatted IPv4 address
 * Arguments:
 *  number (in)               : source numbered ip
 *  result_ip_string (in/out) : result ip string
 *
 * Returns: int
 *  error code or NO_ERROR
 *
 * Errors:
 *      ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE
 *      ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS
 *      ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG
 *
 * Note:
 */
int
db_inet_ntoa (DB_VALUE * result_ip_string, const DB_VALUE * number)
{
  int error_code = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE number_type = DB_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
  DB_BIGINT ip_number = 0;
  char ip_string[16] = { '\0' };
  const int ip_seg_string_cnt = 4;
  const DB_BIGINT ipmax = (DB_BIGINT) 256 * 256 * 256 * 256;
  const unsigned int ipv4_mask[] = { 0xFF000000, 0xFF0000, 0xFF00, 0xFF };
  const unsigned int ipfactor[] = { 256 * 256 * 256, 256 * 256, 256, 1 };
  unsigned int slice;
  int i;
  int ret_string_len;
  char *res_p_str;

  if (number == NULL || result_ip_string == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      goto error;
    }

  if (DB_IS_NULL (number))
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG, 1, (long long int) ip_number);
      error_code = ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG;
      goto error;
    }

  number_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (number);
  if (number_type != DB_TYPE_BIGINT)
    {
      error_code = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      goto error;
    }

  ip_number = db_get_bigint (number);
  if (ip_number > ipmax || ip_number < 0)
    {
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG, 1, (long long int) ip_number);
      error_code = ER_OPFUNC_INET_NTOA_ARG;
      goto error;
    }

  ret_string_len = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
    {
      slice = (unsigned int) ((ip_number & ipv4_mask[i]) / ipfactor[i]);
      ret_string_len += snprintf (ip_string + ret_string_len, ip_seg_string_cnt, "%u", slice);
      if (i < 3)
    {
      ip_string[ret_string_len++] = '.';
    }
    }
  ip_string[ret_string_len] = '\0';

  /* return string */
  res_p_str = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, ret_string_len + 1);
  if (res_p_str == NULL)
    {
      error_code = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      goto error;
    }
  memcpy (res_p_str, ip_string, ret_string_len + 1);
  db_make_string (result_ip_string, res_p_str);
  result_ip_string->need_clear = true;

  return NO_ERROR;

error:
  db_make_null (result_ip_string);

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  return error_code;
}

/*
 * is_valid_ip_slice () - check whether ip slice is valid
 *
 * Arguments:
 *  ipslice (in) : IP slice
 *
 * Returns: true or false
 */
static bool
is_valid_ip_slice (const char *ipslice)
{
  int pos = 0;
  int base_type = 10;       /* base type can be 8(oct), 10(dec), 16(hex) */

  assert (ipslice != NULL);
  if (ipslice[0] == '\0')
    {
      return false;
    }

  if (ipslice[0] == '0')
    {
      if (char_tolower (ipslice[1]) == 'x')
    {
      if (ipslice[2] == '\0')
        {
          return false;
        }
      base_type = 16;
      pos = 2;
    }
      else if (ipslice[1] != '\0')
    {
      base_type = 8;
      pos = 1;
    }
    }

  while (ipslice[pos] != '\0')
    {
      if (base_type == 10)
    {
      if (!char_isdigit (ipslice[pos]))
        {
          return false;
        }
    }
      else if (base_type == 8)
    {
      if (!('0' <= ipslice[pos] && ipslice[pos] <= '7'))
        {
          return false;
        }
    }
      else
    {           /* base_type = 16 */
      if (!char_isxdigit (ipslice[pos]))
        {
          return false;
        }
    }
      pos++;
    }

  return true;
}

/*
 * db_get_date_format () -
 * Returns: error number
 * format_str(in):
 * format(in/out):
 *
 */
int
db_get_date_format (const DB_VALUE * format_str, TIMESTAMP_FORMAT * format)
{
  const char *fmt_str_ptr, *next_fmt_str_ptr, *last_fmt;
  INTL_CODESET codeset;
  char stack_buf_format[64];
  char *initial_buf_format = NULL;
  bool do_free_buf_format = false;
  int format_size;
  int error = NO_ERROR;

  assert (format_str != NULL);
  assert (format != NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (format_str))
    {
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

  if (is_char_string (format_str) == false)
    {
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) == 0)
    {
      error = ER_QSTR_EMPTY_STRING;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

  if (db_get_string_size (format_str) > MAX_TOKEN_SIZE)
    {
      error = ER_QSTR_SRC_TOO_LONG;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

  codeset = db_get_string_codeset (format_str);

  error =
    db_check_or_create_null_term_string (format_str, stack_buf_format, sizeof (stack_buf_format), true, true,
                     &initial_buf_format, &do_free_buf_format);
  if (error != NO_ERROR)
    {
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

  fmt_str_ptr = initial_buf_format;
  last_fmt = fmt_str_ptr + strlen (fmt_str_ptr);
  /* Skip space, tab, CR */
  while (fmt_str_ptr < last_fmt && strchr (WHITE_CHARS, *fmt_str_ptr))
    {
      fmt_str_ptr++;
    }

  next_fmt_str_ptr = NULL;
  *format = get_next_format (fmt_str_ptr, codeset, DB_TYPE_DATETIME, &format_size, &next_fmt_str_ptr);

  if (next_fmt_str_ptr != NULL && *next_fmt_str_ptr != 0)
    {
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      *format = DT_INVALID;
      goto end;
    }

end:
  if (do_free_buf_format)
    {
      assert (initial_buf_format != NULL);
      db_private_free (NULL, initial_buf_format);
    }

  return error;
}

/*
 * db_get_cs_coll_info() - get codeset or collation from a value
 *
 *   return: status
 *   result(out): result (string type)
 *   val(in): input value
 *   mode(in): 0 : get charset, 1 : get collation
 *
 */
int
db_get_cs_coll_info (DB_VALUE * result, const DB_VALUE * val, const int mode)
{
  int status = NO_ERROR;

  assert (result != NULL);
  assert (val != NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (val))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
    }
  else if (!TP_TYPE_HAS_COLLATION (DB_VALUE_TYPE (val)))
    {
      if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      er_clear ();
      db_make_null (result);
    }
      else
    {
      status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, status, 0);
    }
    }
  else
    {
      int cs, coll;

      if (TP_IS_CHAR_TYPE (DB_VALUE_TYPE (val)))
    {
      cs = db_get_string_codeset (val);
      coll = db_get_string_collation (val);
    }
      else
    {
      assert (DB_VALUE_TYPE (val) == DB_TYPE_ENUMERATION);
      cs = db_get_enum_codeset (val);
      coll = db_get_enum_collation (val);
    }

      if (mode == 0)
    {
      db_make_string (result, lang_charset_cubrid_name ((INTL_CODESET) cs));
    }
      else
    {
      assert (mode == 1);
      db_make_string (result, lang_get_collation_name (coll));
    }
    }

  return status;
}

/*
 * db_string_index_prefix () -
 */
int
db_string_index_prefix (const DB_VALUE * string1, const DB_VALUE * string2, const DB_VALUE * index_type,
            DB_VALUE * prefix_index)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  TP_DOMAIN key_domain;
  DB_VALUE db_cmp_res;
  int cmp_res;

  assert (string1 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (string2 != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (index_type != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (string1) || DB_IS_NULL (string2) || DB_IS_NULL (index_type))
    {
      if (QSTR_IS_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1)))
    {
      error_status = db_value_domain_init (prefix_index, DB_TYPE_VARBIT, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
      else
    {
      error_status = db_value_domain_init (prefix_index, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, DB_DEFAULT_PRECISION, DB_DEFAULT_SCALE);
    }
      return error_status;
    }

  if (!QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string1))
      || !QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR_OR_BIT (DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (string2)) || !is_char_string (index_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  if ((qstr_get_category (string1) != qstr_get_category (string2))
      || (db_get_string_codeset (string1) != db_get_string_codeset (string2)))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INCOMPATIBLE_CODE_SETS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  key_domain.is_desc = false;
  if (strncasecmp (db_get_string (index_type), "d", 1) == 0)
    {
      key_domain.is_desc = true;
    }

  error_status = db_string_compare (string1, string2, &db_cmp_res);
  if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      return error_status;
    }
  cmp_res = db_get_int (&db_cmp_res);
  if ((key_domain.is_desc && cmp_res <= 0) || (!key_domain.is_desc && cmp_res >= 0))
    {
      error_status = ER_OBJ_INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      return error_status;
    }

  error_status = db_string_unique_prefix (string1, string2, prefix_index, &key_domain);

  return error_status;
}

/*
 *  db_string_to_base64 () - Using base64 to encode arbitrary input
 *   return: int(NO_ERROR if successful, other error status if fail)
 *   src(in):       source which holds plain-text string
 *   result(in/out): dest which holds encoded buffer
 *
 *   Note: handling of special cases:
 *         1. source string is NULL, result is NULL
 *         2. source string is empty string, result is empty string
 */
int
db_string_to_base64 (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status, encode_len, src_len;
  const unsigned char *src_buf = NULL;
  unsigned char *encode_buf = NULL;
  DB_TYPE val_type;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  error_status = NO_ERROR;

  if (DB_IS_NULL (src))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return error_status;
    }

  src_buf = DB_GET_UCHAR (src);

  /* length in bytes */
  src_len = db_get_string_size (src);

  assert (src_len >= 0);

  /* if input is empty string, output is also empty string */
  if (src_len == 0)
    {
      error_status =
    db_string_make_empty_typed_string (result, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, 0, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                       db_get_string_collation (src));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      assert_release (false);
      return error_status;
    }
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  val_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);
  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (val_type))
    {
      /* currently base64_encode always returns NO_ERROR except for memory buffer allocation fail */
      error_status = base64_encode (src_buf, src_len, &encode_buf, &encode_len);

      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, encode_len, (char *) encode_buf, encode_len,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src), db_get_string_collation (src));

      result->need_clear = true;

      return NO_ERROR;
    }
    }
  else              /* val_type != QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR */
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE; /* reset error code */
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      er_clear ();      /* forget previous error */
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      return error_status;
    }
}

/*
 *  db_string_from_base64 () - Convert a buffer into plain-text by base64 decoding
 *                             There is no assumption the input is base64 encoded,
 *                             in this case, result is NULL
 *   return:   int(NO_ERROR if successful, other error status if fail)
 *   src(in):       source which holds encoded buffer
 *   result(in/out): dest which holds plain-text string
 *
 *   Note: handling of special cases:
 *         1. source string is NULL, result is NULL
 *         2. source string is empty string, result is empty string
 *         3. source string contains invalid base64 encoded character,
 *            result is NULL
 *         4. source string has insufficient length even some bytes have been
 *            decoded, result is NULL
 */
int
db_string_from_base64 (DB_VALUE const *src, DB_VALUE * result)
{
  int error_status, err, decode_len, src_len;
  const unsigned char *src_buf = NULL;
  unsigned char *decode_buf = NULL;
  DB_TYPE val_type;

  assert (src != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  error_status = NO_ERROR;

  /* source is NULL */
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  src_buf = DB_GET_UCHAR (src);

  /* length in bytes */
  src_len = db_get_string_size (src);

  assert (src_len >= 0);

  /* source is empty string */
  if (src_len == 0)
    {
      error_status =
    db_string_make_empty_typed_string (result, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, 0, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                       db_get_string_collation (src));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
    {
      assert_release (false);
      goto error_handling;
    }
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  val_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src);

  if (QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR (val_type))
    {
      err = base64_decode (src_buf, src_len, &decode_buf, &decode_len);

      switch (err)
    {
    case BASE64_EMPTY_INPUT:
      error_status =
        db_string_make_empty_typed_string (result, DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, 0, db_get_string_codeset (src),
                           db_get_string_collation (src));
      if (error_status != NO_ERROR)
        {
          assert_release (false);
          goto error_handling;
        }
      break;

    case NO_ERROR:
      qstr_make_typed_string (DB_TYPE_VARCHAR, result, decode_len, (char *) decode_buf, decode_len,
                  db_get_string_codeset (src), db_get_string_collation (src));
      result->need_clear = true;
      break;

    case BASE64_INVALID_INPUT:
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_FORMAT;    /* reset error code */
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error_handling;

    default:
      assert (er_errid () != NO_ERROR);
      error_status = err;
      goto error_handling;
    }
    }
  else              /* val_type != QSTR_IS_ANY_CHAR */
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE; /* reset error code */
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
      goto error_handling;
    }

  assert (error_status == NO_ERROR);
  return error_status;

error_handling:

  if (prm_get_bool_value (PRM_ID_RETURN_NULL_ON_FUNCTION_ERRORS))
    {
      db_make_null (result);
      er_clear ();      /* forget previous error */
      return NO_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {
      return error_status;
    }
}

/*
 * db_string_extract_dbval () -
 *   return: NO_ERROR, or ER_code
 *   extr_operand(in)   : Specifies datetime field to be extracted
 *   dbval(in)  : Extract source db_value node
 *   res(out)   : Resultant db_value node
 *   domain(in) :
 *
 * Note: Extract a datetime field from db_value.
 */
int
db_string_extract_dbval (const MISC_OPERAND extr_operand, DB_VALUE * dbval_p, DB_VALUE * result_p, TP_DOMAIN * domain_p)
{
  DB_TYPE dbval_type;
  DB_DATE date;
  DB_TIME time;
  DB_UTIME *utime;
  DB_DATETIME datetime, *datetime_p;
  DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *ts_tz_p;
  DB_DATETIMETZ *dt_tz_p;
  int extvar[NUM_MISC_OPERANDS];
  int err = NO_ERROR;

  dbval_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (dbval_p);
  if (TP_DOMAIN_TYPE (domain_p) == DB_TYPE_NULL || DB_IS_NULL (dbval_p))
    {
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  switch (dbval_type)
    {
    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      time = *db_get_time (dbval_p);
      db_time_decode (&time, &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND]);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATE:
      date = *db_get_date (dbval_p);
      db_date_decode (&date, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR]);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      utime = db_get_timestamp (dbval_p);
      (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (utime, &date, &time);

      if (extr_operand == YEAR || extr_operand == MONTH || extr_operand == DAY)
    {
      db_date_decode (&date, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR]);
    }
      else
    {
      db_time_decode (&time, &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND]);
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      ts_tz_p = db_get_timestamptz (dbval_p);
      err = db_timestamp_decode_w_tz_id (&ts_tz_p->timestamp, &ts_tz_p->tz_id, &date, &time);
      if (err != NO_ERROR)
    {
      break;
    }

      if (extr_operand == YEAR || extr_operand == MONTH || extr_operand == DAY)
    {
      db_date_decode (&date, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR]);
    }
      else
    {
      db_time_decode (&time, &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND]);
    }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      datetime_p = db_get_datetime (dbval_p);
      db_datetime_decode (datetime_p, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR], &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE],
              &extvar[SECOND], &extvar[MILLISECOND]);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      datetime_p = db_get_datetime (dbval_p);
      err = tz_datetimeltz_to_local (datetime_p, &datetime);
      if (err != NO_ERROR)
    {
      break;
    }

      db_datetime_decode (&datetime, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR], &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE],
              &extvar[SECOND], &extvar[MILLISECOND]);
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      dt_tz_p = db_get_datetimetz (dbval_p);
      err = tz_utc_datetimetz_to_local (&dt_tz_p->datetime, &dt_tz_p->tz_id, &datetime);
      if (err != NO_ERROR)
    {
      break;
    }
      db_datetime_decode (&datetime, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR], &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE],
              &extvar[SECOND], &extvar[MILLISECOND]);
      break;
    case DB_TYPE_CHAR:
    case DB_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      {
    DB_UTIME utime_s;
    DB_DATETIME datetime_s;
    const char *str_date = db_get_string (dbval_p);
    int str_date_len = db_get_string_size (dbval_p);

    switch (extr_operand)
      {
      case YEAR:
      case MONTH:
      case DAY:
        if (db_string_to_date_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &date) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        db_date_decode (&date, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR]);
        break;
          }
        if (db_string_to_timestamp_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &utime_s) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (&utime_s, &date, &time);
        db_date_decode (&date, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR]);
        break;
          }
        if (db_string_to_datetime_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &datetime_s) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        db_datetime_decode (&datetime_s, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR], &extvar[HOUR],
                    &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND], &extvar[MILLISECOND]);
        break;
          }
        /* no date/time can be extracted from string, error */
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
        return ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE;

      case HOUR:
      case MINUTE:
      case SECOND:
        if (db_string_to_time_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &time) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        db_time_decode (&time, &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND]);
        break;
          }
        if (db_string_to_timestamp_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &utime_s) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        (void) db_timestamp_decode_ses (&utime_s, &date, &time);
        db_time_decode (&time, &extvar[HOUR], &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND]);
        break;
          }
        [[fallthrough]];
      case MILLISECOND:
        if (db_string_to_datetime_ex (str_date, str_date_len, &datetime_s) == NO_ERROR)
          {
        db_datetime_decode (&datetime_s, &extvar[MONTH], &extvar[DAY], &extvar[YEAR], &extvar[HOUR],
                    &extvar[MINUTE], &extvar[SECOND], &extvar[MILLISECOND]);
        break;
          }
        /* no date/time can be extracted from string, error */
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
        return ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE;

      default:
        er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
        return ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE;
      }
      }
      break;

    default:
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE, 0);
      return ER_QPROC_INVALID_DATATYPE;
    }

  if (err == NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_int (result_p, extvar[extr_operand]);
    }
  return err;
}

/*
 * db_new_time () - converts the time_val from the source_timezone into
 *          the destination timezone
 *
 * return error code or NO_ERROR
 * time_val (in) : time value (datetime or time)
 * tz_source (in) : source timezone string
 * tz_dest (in) : dest timezone string
 * result_time (out) : result
 */
int
db_new_time (DB_VALUE * time_val, DB_VALUE * tz_source, DB_VALUE * tz_dest, DB_VALUE * result_time)
{
  int error = NO_ERROR, len_source, len_dest;
  DB_DATETIME *datetime = NULL;
  DB_TIME *time = NULL;
  const char *t_source, *t_dest;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (time_val != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (tz_source != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (tz_dest != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_time != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (time_val) || DB_IS_NULL (tz_source) || DB_IS_NULL (tz_dest))
    {
      db_make_null (result_time);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  t_source = db_get_string (tz_source);
  t_dest = db_get_string (tz_dest);

  len_source = db_get_string_size (tz_source);
  len_dest = db_get_string_size (tz_dest);

  if (len_source < 0)
    {
      len_source = strlen (t_source);
    }
  if (len_dest < 0)
    {
      len_dest = strlen (t_dest);
    }

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (time_val))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      {
    DB_DATETIME result;
    int month, day, year, julian_date;

    datetime = db_get_datetime (time_val);
    db_date_decode (&(datetime->date), &month, &day, &year);
    julian_date = julian_encode (month, day, year);
    datetime->date = julian_date;

    error = tz_conv_tz_datetime_w_zone_name (datetime, t_source, len_source, t_dest, len_dest, &result);

    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_datetime (result_time, &result);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIME:
      {
    DB_TIME time_res;
    int hour, min, sec;

    time = db_get_time (time_val);
    error = tz_conv_tz_time_w_zone_name (time, t_source, len_source, t_dest, len_dest, &time_res);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_time_decode (&time_res, &hour, &min, &sec);
    db_make_time (result_time, hour, min, sec);
      }
      break;

    default:
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      break;
    }

  return error;
}

/*
 * db_tz_offset () - retrieve the timezone offset for src_str source timezone
 *
 *   return: error or no error
 *   src_str(in): source DB_VALUE timezone string or offset
 *   date_time(in): current UTC datetime
 *   result_str(out): result DB_VALUE string
 */

int
db_tz_offset (const DB_VALUE * src_str, DB_VALUE * result_str, DB_DATETIME * datetime)
{
  int error_status = NO_ERROR;
  DB_TYPE str_type;
  char *res;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (src_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_str != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  /*
   *  Categorize the two input parameters and check for errors.
   *    Verify that the parameters are both character strings.
   */

  str_type = DB_VALUE_DOMAIN_TYPE (src_str);
  if (DB_IS_NULL (src_str))
    {
      db_make_null (result_str);
    }
  else if (!QSTR_IS_CHAR (str_type))
    {
      error_status = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 0);
    }
  /*
   *  If the input parameters have been properly validated, then
   *  we are ready to operate.
   */
  else
    {
      int len = db_get_string_size (src_str);
      if (len < 0)
    {
      len = strlen (db_get_string (src_str));
    }

      res = (char *) db_private_alloc (NULL, MAX_LEN_OFFSET);
      if (res == NULL)
    {
      error_status = ER_OUT_OF_VIRTUAL_MEMORY;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error_status, 1, (size_t) 0);
      return error_status;
    }

      error_status = tz_get_timezone_offset (db_get_string (src_str), len, res, datetime);
      if (error_status == NO_ERROR)
    {
      db_make_varchar (result_str, TP_FLOATING_PRECISION_VALUE, res, strlen (res), LANG_SYS_CODESET,
               LANG_SYS_COLLATION);
      result_str->need_clear = true;
    }
      else
    {
      db_private_free (NULL, res);
    }
    }

  return error_status;
}

/*
 * db_from_tz () - adds timezone information to the time_val
 * Return: error code or NO_ERROR
 * time_val (in) : time value (datetime, time or timestamp)
 * tz (in) : timezone string
 * time_val_with_tz (out) : timeval with timezone information
 */

int
db_from_tz (DB_VALUE * time_val, DB_VALUE * tz, DB_VALUE * time_val_with_tz)
{
  const char *timezone_str = NULL;
  int len_timezone, error = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIME *datetime = NULL;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (time_val != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (tz != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (time_val_with_tz != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (time_val) || DB_IS_NULL (tz))
    {
      db_make_null (time_val_with_tz);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  timezone_str = db_get_string (tz);
  len_timezone = db_get_string_size (tz);

  if (len_timezone < 0)
    {
      len_timezone = strlen (timezone_str);
    }

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (time_val))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIME:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ result;
    TZ_REGION region;

    datetime = db_get_datetime (time_val);
    error = tz_str_to_region (timezone_str, len_timezone, &region);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    error = tz_create_datetimetz (datetime, NULL, 0, &region, &result, NULL);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_datetimetz (time_val_with_tz, &result);
      }
      break;

    default:
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      break;
    }

  return error;
}

/*
* parse_tzd() - finds the length of the daylight saving time information
*       It stops either on first non alpha-numeric or when expected
*       length is reached.
*
*  Returns length of daylight
*  str(in): string to search in
*  max_expect_len(in): maximum length to expected
*/
static int
parse_tzd (const char *str, const int max_expect_len)
{
  const char *p;

  assert (max_expect_len > 1);

  p = str;
  if (*p == '-' || *p == '+')
    {
      p++;
    }
  while (p < str + max_expect_len && char_isalnum (*p))
    {
      p++;
    }

  return CAST_BUFLEN (p - str);
}

/*
 * db_conv_tz () - Converts a timezone data type from one timezone library to another
 *
 * return ERROR or NO_ERROR
 * time_val (in)     : time value (datetimetz, datetimeltz, timestamptz, timestampltz)
 * result_time (out) : result
 *
 */
int
db_conv_tz (DB_VALUE * time_val, DB_VALUE * result_time)
{
  int error = NO_ERROR;
  DB_DATETIMETZ *datetimetz = NULL;
  DB_DATETIME *datetime = NULL;
  DB_TIMESTAMPTZ *timestamptz = NULL;
  DB_TIMESTAMP *timestamp = NULL;

  /*
   *  Assert that DB_VALUE structures have been allocated.
   */
  assert (time_val != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);
  assert (result_time != (DB_VALUE *) NULL);

  if (DB_IS_NULL (time_val))
    {
      db_make_null (result_time);
      return NO_ERROR;
    }

  switch (DB_VALUE_TYPE (time_val))
    {
    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIMETZ datetimetz_out;

    datetimetz = db_get_datetimetz (time_val);

    error = conv_tz (&datetimetz_out, datetimetz, DB_TYPE_DATETIMETZ);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_datetimetz (result_time, &datetimetz_out);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ:
      {
    DB_DATETIME datetime_out;

    datetime = db_get_datetime (time_val);

    error = conv_tz (&datetime_out, datetime, DB_TYPE_DATETIMELTZ);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_datetimeltz (result_time, &datetime_out);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMPTZ timestamptz_out;

    timestamptz = db_get_timestamptz (time_val);

    error = conv_tz (&timestamptz_out, timestamptz, DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_timestamptz (result_time, &timestamptz_out);
      }
      break;

    case DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ:
      {
    DB_TIMESTAMP timestamp_out;

    timestamp = db_get_timestamp (time_val);

    error = conv_tz (&timestamp_out, timestamp, DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMPLTZ);
    if (error != NO_ERROR)
      {
        return error;
      }
    db_make_timestampltz (result_time, timestamp_out);
      }
      break;

    default:
      error = ER_QSTR_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
      er_set (ER_ERROR_SEVERITY, ARG_FILE_LINE, error, 0);
      break;
    }

  return error;
}